ci: copy ui-svelte/.npmrc before npm ci in fork-cuda build

npm ci ran without .npmrc (legacy-peer-deps=true), failing on the
tailwind/vite peer dependency conflict. Copy .npmrc with the manifest.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

.coderabbit.yaml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ early_access: false
 reviews:
   profile: "chill"
   request_changes_workflow: false
-  high_level_summary: true
+  high_level_summary: false
   poem: false
   review_status: true
   collapse_walkthrough: false
@@ -13,8 +13,10 @@ reviews:
     docstrings:
       enabled: false
   auto_review:
-    enabled: true
+    enabled: false
     drafts: false
+  unit_tests:
+    enabled: false
 chat:
   auto_reply: true
 issue_enrichment:

.gitea/workflows/build-cuda-image.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+name: Build CUDA image (fork)
+
+# Builds this fork's llama-swap (serial scheduler + embedded UI) from source and
+# layers it on a pinned llama.cpp CUDA server base, then pushes to the Gitea
+# container registry, e.g. gitea.stevedudenhoeffer.com/steve/llama-swap:v230-cuda-b9821
+#
+# Requires repo secrets: REGISTRY_USER, REGISTRY_PASSWORD (push to the registry).
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      llama_swap_version:
+        description: "llama-swap version label (image tag prefix)"
+        required: false
+        default: "v230"
+      llamacpp_build:
+        description: "llama.cpp CUDA server build (base image tag suffix)"
+        required: false
+        default: "b9821"
+  # Building the build definition itself kicks off a fresh image.
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+    paths:
+      - ".gitea/workflows/build-cuda-image.yml"
+      - "docker/fork-cuda.Containerfile"
+
+env:
+  REGISTRY: gitea.stevedudenhoeffer.com
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Compute image metadata
+        id: meta
+        run: |
+          LS_VER="${{ inputs.llama_swap_version || 'v230' }}"
+          LCPP="${{ inputs.llamacpp_build || 'b9821' }}"
+          {
+            echo "image=${REGISTRY}/${{ github.repository }}"
+            echo "tag=${LS_VER}-cuda-${LCPP}"
+            echo "base_tag=server-cuda-${LCPP}"
+            echo "ls_version=${LS_VER}"
+            echo "build_date=$(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)"
+          } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+
+      - name: Log in to Gitea registry
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
+        with:
+          registry: ${{ env.REGISTRY }}
+          username: ${{ secrets.REGISTRY_USER }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.REGISTRY_PASSWORD }}
+
+      - name: Build and push
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
+        with:
+          context: .
+          file: docker/fork-cuda.Containerfile
+          push: true
+          provenance: false
+          build-args: |
+            BASE_TAG=${{ steps.meta.outputs.base_tag }}
+            LS_VERSION=${{ steps.meta.outputs.ls_version }}
+            GIT_HASH=${{ github.sha }}
+            BUILD_DATE=${{ steps.meta.outputs.build_date }}
+          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.image }}:${{ steps.meta.outputs.tag }}
+
+      - name: Summary
+        run: |
+          echo "Pushed ${{ steps.meta.outputs.image }}:${{ steps.meta.outputs.tag }}" >> "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"

.github/workflows/closeinactive.yml

@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ jobs:
       issues: write
       pull-requests: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/stale@v9
+      - uses: actions/stale@b5d41d4e1d5dceea10e7104786b73624c18a190f #v10.2.0
         with:
-          days-before-issue-stale: 14
-          days-before-issue-close: 14
+          days-before-issue-stale: 30
+          days-before-issue-close: 30
           stale-issue-label: "stale"
-          stale-issue-message: "This issue is stale because it has been open for 2 weeks with no activity."
-          close-issue-message: "This issue was closed because it has been inactive for 2 weeks since being marked as stale."
+          stale-issue-message: "This issue is stale because it has been open without activity for 30 days. Please remove the stale label if this was an error."
+          close-issue-message: "This issue was closed because it has been inactive for 30 days since being marked as stale."
           days-before-pr-stale: -1
           days-before-pr-close: -1
           repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/config-schema.yml

@@ -4,11 +4,15 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     paths:
       - "config-schema.json"
+      - "config.example.yaml"
+      - ".github/workflows/config-schema.yml"
   push:
     branches:
       - main
     paths:
       - "config-schema.json"
+      - "config.example.yaml"
+      - ".github/workflows/config-schema.yml"
 
   workflow_dispatch:
 
@@ -17,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # 6.0.2
 
       - name: Validate JSON Schema
         run: |
@@ -39,3 +43,11 @@ jobs:
           fi
 
           echo "✓ config-schema.json is valid"
+
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c #6.4.0
+        with:
+          go-version-file: go.mod
+
+      - name: Validate config.example.yaml against schema
+        run: go test ./internal/config/ -run TestConfig_ExampleMatchesSchema -v

.github/workflows/containers.yml

@@ -2,30 +2,43 @@ name: Build Containers
 
 on:
   # time has no specific meaning, trying to time it after
-  # the llama.cpp daily packages are published
+  # the llama.cpp daily packages have time to build and publish (~8hr after llama.cpp project's cron)
   # https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/blob/master/.github/workflows/docker.yml
   schedule:
-    - cron: "37 5 * * *"
+    - cron: "00 12,18 * * *"
 
   # Allows manual triggering of the workflow
   workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      dryrun:
+        description: "Run cleanup step in dry-run mode (log what would be deleted, delete nothing)"
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
 
   # Run on workflow file changes (without pushing)
   push:
     paths:
       - '.github/workflows/containers.yml'
       - 'docker/build-container.sh'
+      - 'docker/*.Containerfile'
+
+# grant permissions on GITHUB_TOKEN to publish packages
+# ref: https://docs.github.com/en/packages/managing-github-packages-using-github-actions-workflows/publishing-and-installing-a-package-with-github-actions#publishing-a-package-using-an-action
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+  packages: write
+  id-token: write
 
 jobs:
   build-and-push:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        platform: [intel, cuda, vulkan, cpu, musa, rocm]
+        platform: [intel, cuda, cuda13, vulkan, cpu, musa, rocm]
       fail-fast: false
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # 6.0.2
 
       - name: Free up disk space
         if: matrix.platform == 'rocm'
@@ -40,8 +53,18 @@ jobs:
           echo "After cleanup:"
           df -h
 
+      # QEMU enables arm64 cross-builds on the amd64 GitHub runner.
+      # Currently only the cpu backend goes multi-arch; the action is a
+      # no-op for amd64-only builds, so leaving it on for every matrix
+      # entry keeps the workflow simple.
+      - name: Set up QEMU
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@ce360397dd3f832beb865e1373c09c0e9f86d70a #v4.0.0
+
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@4d04d5d9486b7bd6fa91e7baf45bbb4f8b9deedd #v4.0.0
+
       - name: Log in to GitHub Container Registry
-        uses: docker/login-action@v2
+        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 #v4.1.0
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -52,14 +75,23 @@ jobs:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         run: ./docker/build-container.sh ${{ matrix.platform }} ${{ github.event_name != 'push' }}
 
-  # note make sure mostlygeek/llama-swap has admin rights to the llama-swap package
-  # see: https://github.com/actions/delete-package-versions/issues/74
+  # actions/delete-package-versions can't see manifest lists: pushing
+  # a multi-arch image with `docker buildx --push` creates a tagged OCI
+  # index plus one untagged per-platform manifest per arch, and
+  # `delete-only-untagged-versions: true` then nukes the per-platform
+  # children, leaving the index dangling — `docker pull :cpu` 404s on
+  # the referenced digest. dataaxiom/ghcr-cleanup-action walks tagged
+  # manifest lists and excludes their children from deletion.
   delete-untagged-containers:
     needs: build-and-push
+    # Skip on forks — the delete API requires package-admin on the
+    # upstream account and would otherwise red-x every fork CI run.
+    if: github.repository == 'mostlygeek/llama-swap'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/delete-package-versions@v5
+      - uses: dataaxiom/ghcr-cleanup-action@cd0cdb900b5dbf3a6f2cc869f0dbb0b8211f50c4 # v1.0.16
         with:
-          package-name: 'llama-swap'
-          package-type: 'container'
-          delete-only-untagged-versions: 'true'
+          token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          package: llama-swap
+          delete-untagged: true
+          dry-run: ${{ inputs.dryrun || false }}

.github/workflows/go-ci-windows.yml

@@ -3,9 +3,25 @@ name: Windows CI
 on:
   push:
     branches: [ "main" ]
+    # only run when backend source changes
+    # cmd/ is excluded because it contains utilities without tests
+    paths:
+      - '**/*.go'
+      - '!cmd/**'
+      - 'go.mod'
+      - 'go.sum'
+      - 'Makefile'
+      - '.github/workflows/go-ci-windows.yml'
 
   pull_request:
     branches: [ "main" ]
+    paths:
+      - '**/*.go'
+      - '!cmd/**'
+      - 'go.mod'
+      - 'go.sum'
+      - 'Makefile'
+      - '.github/workflows/go-ci-windows.yml'
 
   # Allows manual triggering of the workflow
   workflow_dispatch:
@@ -15,20 +31,20 @@ jobs:
   run-tests:
     runs-on: windows-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # 6.0.2
 
     - name: Set up Go
-      uses: actions/setup-go@v4
+      uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c #6.4.0
       with:
-        go-version: '1.23'
+        go-version-file: go.mod
 
     # cache simple-responder to save the build time
     - name: Restore Simple Responder
       id: restore-simple-responder
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae #v5.0.5
       with:
         path: ./build
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-simple-responder-${{ hashFiles('misc/simple-responder/simple-responder.go') }}
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-simple-responder-${{ hashFiles('cmd/simple-responder/simple-responder.go') }}
 
     # necessary for testing proxy/Process swapping
     - name: Create simple-responder
@@ -40,11 +56,11 @@ jobs:
       # nothing new to save ... skip this step
       if: steps.restore-simple-responder.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
       id: save-simple-responder
-      uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+      uses: actions/cache/save@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae #v5.0.5
       with:
         path: ./build
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-simple-responder-${{ hashFiles('misc/simple-responder/simple-responder.go') }}
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-simple-responder-${{ hashFiles('cmd/simple-responder/simple-responder.go') }}
 
     - name: Test all
       shell: bash
-      run: make test-all
+      run: make test-all

.github/workflows/go-ci.yml

@@ -2,53 +2,69 @@ name: Linux CI
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [ "main" ]
+    branches: ["main"]
+    # only run when backend source changes
+    # cmd/ is excluded because it contains utilities without tests
+    paths:
+      - "**/*.go"
+      - "!cmd/**"
+      - "go.mod"
+      - "go.sum"
+      - "Makefile"
+      - ".github/workflows/go-ci.yml"
 
   pull_request:
-    branches: [ "main" ]
+    branches: ["main"]
+    paths:
+      - "**/*.go"
+      - "!cmd/**"
+      - "go.mod"
+      - "go.sum"
+      - "Makefile"
+      - ".github/workflows/go-ci.yml"
 
   # Allows manual triggering of the workflow
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
-
   run-tests:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # 6.0.2
 
-    - name: Set up Go
-      uses: actions/setup-go@v4
-      with:
-        go-version: '1.23'
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c #6.4.0
+        with:
+          go-version-file: go.mod
 
-    # Only run in this linux based runner
-    - name: Check Formatting
-      run: |
-        if [ "$(gofmt -l . | grep -v 'event/.*_test.go' | wc -l)" -gt 0 ]; then
-          gofmt -l . | grep -v 'event/.*_test.go'
-          exit 1
-        fi
-    # cache simple-responder to save the build time
-    - name: Restore Simple Responder
-      id: restore-simple-responder
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
-      with:
-        path: ./build
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-simple-responder-${{ hashFiles('misc/simple-responder/simple-responder.go') }}
+      # Only run in this linux based runner
+      - name: Check Formatting
+        run: |
+          if [ "$(gofmt -l . | wc -l)" -gt 0 ]; then
+            gofmt -l .
+            exit 1
+          fi
+      # cache simple-responder to save the build time
+      - name: Restore Simple Responder
+        id: restore-simple-responder
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae #v5.0.5
+        with:
+          path: ./build
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-simple-responder-${{ hashFiles('cmd/simple-responder/simple-responder.go') }}
 
-    # necessary for testing proxy/Process swapping
-    - name: Create simple-responder
-      run: make simple-responder
+      # necessary for testing proxy/Process swapping
+      - name: Create simple-responder
+        if: steps.restore-simple-responder.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: make simple-responder
 
-    - name: Save Simple Responder
-      # nothing new to save ... skip this step
-      if: steps.restore-simple-responder.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      id: save-simple-responder
-      uses: actions/cache/save@v4
-      with:
-        path: ./build
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-simple-responder-${{ hashFiles('misc/simple-responder/simple-responder.go') }}
+      - name: Save Simple Responder
+        # nothing new to save ... skip this step
+        if: steps.restore-simple-responder.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        id: save-simple-responder
+        uses: actions/cache/save@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae #v5.0.5
+        with:
+          path: ./build
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-simple-responder-${{ hashFiles('cmd/simple-responder/simple-responder.go') }}
 
-    - name: Test all
-      run: make test-all
+      - name: Test all
+        run: make test-all

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -20,24 +20,24 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # 6.0.2
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
           ref: ${{ github.event.inputs.tag || github.ref }}
       - name: Set up Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-      - name: Set up Node.js
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c #6.4.0
         with:
-          node-version: "23"
-      - name: Install dependencies and build UI
+          go-version-file: go.mod
+      - name: Set up Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@48b55a011bda9f5d6aeb4c2d9c7362e8dae4041e # 6.4.0
+        with:
+          node-version: "24"
+      - name: Build UI
         run: |
-          cd ui-svelte
-          npm ci
-          npm run build
+          make ui
 
       - name: Run GoReleaser
-        uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@v6
+        uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@1a80836c5c9d9e5755a25cb59ec6f45a3b5f41a8 #7.2.1
         with:
           # either 'goreleaser' (default) or 'goreleaser-pro'
           distribution: goreleaser
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
           fi
 
       - name: "Trigger tap repository update"
-        uses: peter-evans/repository-dispatch@v2
+        uses: peter-evans/repository-dispatch@28959ce8df70de7be546dd1250a005dd32156697 #4.0.1
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.TAP_REPO_PAT }}
           repository: mostlygeek/homebrew-llama-swap

.github/workflows/ui-tests.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+name: UI Tests
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ "main" ]
+    paths:
+      - 'ui-svelte/**'
+      - '.github/workflows/ui-tests.yml'
+
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [ "main" ]
+    paths:
+      - 'ui-svelte/**'
+      - '.github/workflows/ui-tests.yml'
+
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+
+  run-tests:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # 6.0.2
+
+    - name: Set up Node.js
+      uses: actions/setup-node@48b55a011bda9f5d6aeb4c2d9c7362e8dae4041e # 6.4.0
+      with:
+        node-version: '24'
+        cache: 'npm'
+        cache-dependency-path: ui-svelte/package-lock.json
+
+    - name: Run UI tests
+      run: make test-ui

.github/workflows/unified-docker.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+name: Build Unified Docker Image
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: "37 5 * * *"
+
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      llama_cpp_ref:
+        description: "llama.cpp commit hash, tag, or branch"
+        required: false
+        default: "master"
+      whisper_ref:
+        description: "whisper.cpp commit hash, tag, or branch"
+        required: false
+        default: "master"
+      sd_ref:
+        description: "stable-diffusion.cpp commit hash, tag, or branch"
+        required: false
+        default: "master"
+      ik_llama_ref:
+        description: "ik_llama.cpp commit hash, tag, or branch (CUDA only)"
+        required: false
+        default: "main"
+      llama_swap_version:
+        description: "llama-swap version (e.g. v198, latest, main)"
+        required: false
+        default: "main"
+      build_cuda:
+        description: "Build CUDA image"
+        type: boolean
+        required: false
+        default: true
+      build_vulkan:
+        description: "Build Vulkan image"
+        type: boolean
+        required: false
+        default: true
+      push_to_ghcr:
+        description: "Push images to ghcr.io"
+        type: boolean
+        required: false
+        default: true
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+  packages: write
+
+jobs:
+  setup:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    outputs:
+      matrix: ${{ steps.set-matrix.outputs.matrix }}
+    steps:
+      - id: set-matrix
+        run: |
+          backends=()
+          # schedule uses defaults (build both); workflow_dispatch respects inputs
+          if [[ "${{ github.event_name }}" == "schedule" ]] || [[ "${{ inputs.build_cuda }}" == "true" ]]; then
+            backends+=("cuda")
+          fi
+          if [[ "${{ github.event_name }}" == "schedule" ]] || [[ "${{ inputs.build_vulkan }}" == "true" ]]; then
+            backends+=("vulkan")
+          fi
+          matrix=$(printf '%s\n' "${backends[@]}" | jq -R . | jq -sc .)
+          echo "matrix=$matrix" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+  build:
+    needs: setup
+    if: ${{ needs.setup.outputs.matrix != '[]' }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        backend: ${{ fromJSON(needs.setup.outputs.matrix) }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout code
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # 6.0.2
+
+      - name: Free up disk space
+        run: |
+          echo "Before cleanup:"
+          df -h
+          sudo rm -rf /usr/share/dotnet
+          sudo rm -rf /usr/local/lib/android
+          sudo rm -rf /opt/ghc
+          sudo rm -rf /opt/hostedtoolcache/CodeQL
+          sudo docker system prune -af
+          echo "After cleanup:"
+          df -h
+
+      # On GitHub Actions runners, create a fresh builder.
+      # When running locally under act, skip this and reuse the existing
+      # llama-swap-builder (which has ccache warm) to avoid exhausting disk.
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        if: ${{ !env.ACT }}
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@4d04d5d9486b7bd6fa91e7baf45bbb4f8b9deedd #v4.0.0
+
+      - name: Log in to GitHub Container Registry
+        if: ${{ !env.ACT }}
+        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 #v4.1.0
+        with:
+          registry: ghcr.io
+          username: ${{ github.actor }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Build unified Docker image (${{ matrix.backend }})
+        env:
+          LLAMA_REF: ${{ inputs.llama_cpp_ref || 'master' }}
+          WHISPER_REF: ${{ inputs.whisper_ref || 'master' }}
+          SD_REF: ${{ inputs.sd_ref || 'master' }}
+          IK_LLAMA_REF: ${{ inputs.ik_llama_ref || 'main' }}
+          LS_VERSION: ${{ inputs.llama_swap_version || 'main' }}
+          DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG: ghcr.io/mostlygeek/llama-swap:unified-${{ matrix.backend }}
+          # When running under act, use the local builder that has warm ccache.
+          # On GitHub Actions, BUILDX_BUILDER is unset so docker uses the builder
+          # created by setup-buildx-action above.
+          BUILDX_BUILDER: ${{ env.ACT == 'true' && 'llama-swap-builder' || '' }}
+        run: |
+          chmod +x docker/unified/build-image.sh
+          docker/unified/build-image.sh --${{ matrix.backend }}
+
+      - name: Push to GitHub Container Registry
+        if: ${{ !env.ACT && (github.event_name == 'schedule' || inputs.push_to_ghcr == true) }}
+        run: |
+          BASE_TAG="ghcr.io/mostlygeek/llama-swap:unified-${{ matrix.backend }}"
+          DATE_TAG=$(date -u +%Y-%m-%d)
+
+          docker push "${BASE_TAG}"
+          docker tag "${BASE_TAG}" "${BASE_TAG}-${DATE_TAG}"
+          docker push "${BASE_TAG}-${DATE_TAG}"
+
+          ROOTLESS_TAG="${BASE_TAG}-rootless"
+          docker push "${ROOTLESS_TAG}"
+          docker tag "${ROOTLESS_TAG}" "${ROOTLESS_TAG}-${DATE_TAG}"
+          docker push "${ROOTLESS_TAG}-${DATE_TAG}"

.gitignore

@@ -5,3 +5,6 @@ dist/
 .vscode
 .DS_Store
 .dev/
+
+# UI build output; placeholder.txt is kept so the go:embed succeeds.
+internal/server/ui_dist/*

AGENTS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+## Project Description:
+
+llama-swap is a light weight, transparent proxy server that provides automatic model swapping to llama.cpp's server.
+
+## Tech stack
+
+- golang
+- typescript, vite and svelte 5 for UI (located in ui-svelte/)
+
+## Workflow Tasks
+
+- when summarizing changes only include details that require further action
+- Rules for creating pull requests:
+  - keep them short and focused on changes
+  - skip the test plan
+  - write the summary using the same style rules as commit message
+
+## Testing
+
+- Follow test naming conventions like `TestProxyManager_<test name>`, `TestProcessGroup_<test name>`, etc.
+- Use `go test -v -run <name pattern for new tests>` to run any new tests you've written.
+- Run `gofmt -w <file>` before committing to fix any formatting
+- Build go binaries into the ./build/ subdirectory
+- Use `make test-dev` after running new tests for a quick over all test run. This runs `go test` and `staticcheck`. Fix any static checking errors. Use this only when changes are made to any code under the `proxy/` directory
+- Use `make test-all` before completing work. This includes long running concurrency tests.
+- Use `make test-ui` after making changes to the UI in ui-svelte/
+
+### Commit message example format:
+
+```
+internal/server: add new feature
+
+Add new feature that implements functionality X and Y.
+
+- key change 1
+- key change 2
+- key change 3
+
+fixes #123
+```
+
+## Code Reviews
+
+- use three levels High, Medium, Low severity
+- label each discovered issue with a label like H1, M2, L3 respectively
+- High severity are must fix issues (security, race conditions, critical bugs)
+- Medium severity are recommended improvements (coding style, missing functionality, inconsistencies)
+- Low severity are nice to have changes and nits
+- Include a suggestion with each discovered item
+- Limit your code review to three items with the highest priority first
+- Double check your discovered items and recommended remediations

CLAUDE.md

@@ -1,49 +1 @@
-## Project Description:
-
-llama-swap is a light weight, transparent proxy server that provides automatic model swapping to llama.cpp's server.
-
-## Tech stack
-
-- golang
-- typescript, vite and react for UI (located in ui/)
-
-## Workflow Tasks
-
-- when summarizing changes only include details that require further action
-- just say "Done." when there is no further action
-- use `gh` to create PRs and load issues
-- do include Co-Authored-By or created by when committing changes or creating PRs
-- keep PR descriptions short and focused on changes.
-  - never include a test plan
-
-## Testing
-
-- Follow test naming conventions like `TestProxyManager_<test name>`, `TestProcessGroup_<test name>`, etc.
-- Use `go test -v -run <name pattern for new tests>` to run any new tests you've written.
-- Use `make test-dev` after running new tests for a quick over all test run. This runs `go test` and `staticcheck`. Fix any static checking errors. Use this only when changes are made to any code under the `proxy/` directory
-- Use `make test-all` before completing work. This includes long running concurrency tests.
-
-### Commit message example format:
-
-```
-proxy: add new feature
-
-Add new feature that implements functionality X and Y.
-
-- key change 1
-- key change 2
-- key change 3
-
-fixes #123
-```
-
-## Code Reviews
-
-- use three levels High, Medium, Low severity
-- label each discovered issue with a label like H1, M2, L3 respectively
-- High severity are must fix issues (security, race conditions, critical bugs)
-- Medium severity are recommended improvements (coding style, missing functionality, inconsistencies)
-- Low severity are nice to have changes and nits
-- Include a suggestion with each discovered item
-- Limit your code review to three items with the highest priority first
-- Double check your discovered items and recommended remediations
+@AGENTS.md

Makefile

@@ -19,21 +19,17 @@ all: mac linux simple-responder
 clean:
 	rm -rf $(BUILD_DIR)
 
-proxy/ui_dist/placeholder.txt:
-	mkdir -p proxy/ui_dist
-	touch $@
-
 # use cached test results while developing
-test-dev: proxy/ui_dist/placeholder.txt
-	go test -short ./proxy/...
-	staticcheck ./proxy/... || true
+test-dev:
+	go test -short ./...
+	staticcheck ./... || true
 
-test: proxy/ui_dist/placeholder.txt
-	go test -short -count=1 ./proxy/...
+test:
+	go test -short -count=1 ./internal/...
 
 # for CI - full test (takes longer)
-test-all: proxy/ui_dist/placeholder.txt
-	go test -race -count=1 ./proxy/...
+test-all:
+	go test -race -count=1 ./internal/...
 
 ui/node_modules:
 	cd ui-svelte && npm install
@@ -41,6 +37,7 @@ ui/node_modules:
 # build react UI
 ui: ui/node_modules
 	cd ui-svelte && npm run build
+	touch internal/server/ui_dist/placeholder.txt
 
 # Build OSX binary
 mac: ui
@@ -48,9 +45,14 @@ mac: ui
 	GOOS=darwin GOARCH=arm64 go build -ldflags="-X main.commit=${GIT_HASH} -X main.version=local_${GIT_HASH} -X main.date=${BUILD_DATE}" -o $(BUILD_DIR)/$(APP_NAME)-darwin-arm64
 
 # Build Linux binary
-linux: ui
-	@echo "Building Linux binary..."
+linux: linux-arm64 linux-amd64
+
+linux-amd64: ui
+	@echo "Building Linux AMD64 binary..."
 	GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 go build -ldflags="-X main.commit=${GIT_HASH} -X main.version=local_${GIT_HASH} -X main.date=${BUILD_DATE}" -o $(BUILD_DIR)/$(APP_NAME)-linux-amd64
+
+linux-arm64: ui
+	@echo "Building Linux ARM64 binary..."
 	GOOS=linux GOARCH=arm64 go build -ldflags="-X main.commit=${GIT_HASH} -X main.version=local_${GIT_HASH} -X main.date=${BUILD_DATE}" -o $(BUILD_DIR)/$(APP_NAME)-linux-arm64
 
 # Build Windows binary
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ windows: ui
 	@echo "Building Windows binary..."
 	GOOS=windows GOARCH=amd64 go build -ldflags="-X main.commit=${GIT_HASH} -X main.version=local_${GIT_HASH} -X main.date=${BUILD_DATE}" -o $(BUILD_DIR)/$(APP_NAME)-windows-amd64.exe
 
-# for testing proxy.Process
+# for testing with real external processes
 simple-responder:
 	@echo "Building simple responder"
 	GOOS=darwin GOARCH=arm64 go build -o $(BUILD_DIR)/simple-responder_darwin_arm64 cmd/simple-responder/simple-responder.go
@@ -92,5 +94,9 @@ wol-proxy: $(BUILD_DIR)
 	@echo "Building wol-proxy"
 	go build -o $(BUILD_DIR)/wol-proxy-$(GOOS)-$(GOARCH)-$(shell date +%Y-%m-%d) cmd/wol-proxy/wol-proxy.go
 
+test-ui:
+	cd ui-svelte && npm ci && npm run check && npm test
+
 # Phony targets
-.PHONY: all clean ui mac linux windows simple-responder simple-responder-windows test test-all test-dev wol-proxy
+.PHONY: all clean ui mac windows simple-responder simple-responder-windows test test-all test-dev test-ui wol-proxy
+.PHONE: linux linux-arm64 linux-amd64

README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 # llama-swap
 
-Run multiple LLM models on your machine and hot-swap between them as needed. llama-swap works with any OpenAI API-compatible server, giving you the flexibility to switch models without restarting your applications.
+Run multiple generative AI models on your machine and hot-swap between them on demand. llama-swap works with any OpenAI and Anthropic API compatible server and is used by thousands of people to power their local AI workflows.
 
 Built in Go for performance and simplicity, llama-swap has zero dependencies and is incredibly easy to set up. Get started in minutes - just one binary and one configuration file.
 
@@ -13,13 +13,14 @@ Built in Go for performance and simplicity, llama-swap has zero dependencies and
 
 - ✅ Easy to deploy and configure: one binary, one configuration file. no external dependencies
 - ✅ On-demand model switching
-- ✅ Use any local OpenAI compatible server (llama.cpp, vllm, tabbyAPI, etc.)
+- ✅ Use any local OpenAI compatible server (llama.cpp, vllm, tabbyAPI, stable-diffusion.cpp, etc.)
   - future proof, upgrade your inference servers at any time.
 - ✅ OpenAI API supported endpoints:
   - `v1/completions`
   - `v1/chat/completions`
   - `v1/responses`
   - `v1/embeddings`
+  - `v1/models` - list available models
   - `v1/audio/speech` ([#36](https://github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/issues/36))
   - `v1/audio/transcriptions` ([docs](https://github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/issues/41#issuecomment-2722637867))
   - `v1/audio/voices`
@@ -32,43 +33,87 @@ Built in Go for performance and simplicity, llama-swap has zero dependencies and
   - `v1/rerank`, `v1/reranking`, `/rerank`
   - `/infill` - for code infilling
   - `/completion` - for completion endpoint
+- ✅ SDAPI via [stable-diffusion.cpp's server](https://github.com/leejet/stable-diffusion.cpp/tree/master/examples/server)
+  - `/sdapi/v1/txt2img`
+  - `/sdapi/v1/img2img`
+  - `/sdapi/v1/loras` - requires `model` in request body to fetch the correct loras
 - ✅ llama-swap API
   - `/ui` - web UI
   - `/upstream/:model_id` - direct access to upstream server ([demo](https://github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/pull/31))
-  - `/models/unload` - manually unload running models ([#58](https://github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/issues/58))
   - `/running` - list currently running models ([#61](https://github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/issues/61))
-  - `/log` - remote log monitoring
+  - `POST /api/models/unload` - manually unload all running models ([#58](https://github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/issues/58))
+  - `POST /api/models/unload/:model_id` - unload a specific model
+  - `/logs` - remote log monitoring
+    - `GET /logs` returns buffered plain text logs.
+      - If `Accept: text/html` is sent, `/logs` redirects to `/ui/`.
+    - `GET /logs/stream` keeps the connection open for live log streaming.
+      - Stream endpoints send buffered history first by default; add `?no-history` to stream only new lines.
+    - `GET /logs/stream/proxy` streams proxy logs only.
+    - `GET /logs/stream/upstream` streams upstream process logs only.
+    - `GET /logs/stream/{model_id}` streams logs for one model (including IDs with slashes, like `author/model`).
   - `/health` - just returns "OK"
+  - `/metrics` - system and GPU metrics for prometheus
 - ✅ API Key support - define keys to restrict access to API endpoints
 - ✅ Customizable
-  - Run multiple models at once with `Groups` ([#107](https://github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/issues/107))
+  - Run concurrent models with a custom DSL swap matrix ([#643](https://github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/issues/643))
   - Automatic unloading of models after timeout by setting a `ttl`
-  - Reliable Docker and Podman support using `cmd` and `cmdStop` together
+  - Docker and Podman support using `cmd` and `cmdStop` together
   - Preload models on startup with `hooks` ([#235](https://github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/pull/235))
+  - Apply filters to requests to control inference with `stripParams`, `setParams` and `setParamsByID`
 
 ### Web UI
 
-llama-swap includes a real time web interface for monitoring logs and controlling models:
+llama-swap includes a real time web interface with a playground for testing out all sorts of local models:
 
-<img width="1164" height="745" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/bacf3f9d-819f-430b-9ed2-1bfaa8d54579" />
+<img width="1125" height="876" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/8ee41947-97af-463d-b0f0-8e9c478fac07" />
 
-The Activity Page shows recent requests:
+View detailed token metrics:
 
-<img width="1360" height="963" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/5f3edee6-d03a-4ae5-ae06-b20ac1f135bd" />
+<img width="1111" height="515" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/64bfb280-d7a3-4126-971a-a128fd40410c" />
+
+Inspect request and responses:
+
+<img width="1111" height="720" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/24fe4aca-1448-4d7c-b9e8-a967589bda6c" />
+
+Manually load and unload models:
+
+<img width="1109" height="719" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/02b1e1f2-abd0-4050-84ae-facd66ff01c4" />
+
+Real time log streaming:
+
+<img width="1107" height="559" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/39669a10-cff2-409e-836a-5bad8bd0140c" />
 
 ## Installation
 
 llama-swap can be installed in multiple ways
 
 1. Docker
-2. Homebrew (OSX and Linux)
-3. WinGet
-4. From release binaries
-5. From source
+2. Homebrew (macOS and Linux)
+3. MacPorts (macOS)
+4. WinGet
+5. From release binaries
+6. From source
 
 ### Docker Install ([download images](https://github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/pkgs/container/llama-swap))
 
-Nightly container images with llama-swap and llama-server are built for multiple platforms (cuda, vulkan, intel, etc.) including [non-root variants with improved security](docs/container-security.md).
+Two types of container images are built nightly for llama-swap:
+
+1. A unified container with llama-server, ik-llama-server, stable-diffusion.cpp, whisper.cpp and llama-swap built from source. This is only available for cuda and vulkan but has more capabilities. This one is recommended for use.
+2. A legacy image that is based on llama.cpp's images and llama-swap copied into the container. Use this one if you prefer to stay close to llama.cpp's container images.
+
+#### Unified container (Recommended)
+
+```shell
+$ docker pull ghcr.io/mostlygeek/llama-swap:unified-cuda
+
+# run with a custom configuration and models directory
+$ docker run -it --rm --runtime nvidia -p 9292:8080 \
+ -v /path/to/models:/models \
+ -v /path/to/custom/config.yaml:/etc/llama-swap/config/config.yaml \
+ ghcr.io/mostlygeek/llama-swap:unified-cuda
+```
+
+#### Legacy container
 
 ```shell
 $ docker pull ghcr.io/mostlygeek/llama-swap:cuda
@@ -78,14 +123,6 @@ $ docker run -it --rm --runtime nvidia -p 9292:8080 \
  -v /path/to/models:/models \
  -v /path/to/custom/config.yaml:/app/config.yaml \
  ghcr.io/mostlygeek/llama-swap:cuda
-
-# configuration hot reload supported with a
-# directory volume mount
-$ docker run -it --rm --runtime nvidia -p 9292:8080 \
- -v /path/to/models:/models \
- -v /path/to/custom/config.yaml:/app/config.yaml \
- -v /path/to/config:/config \
- ghcr.io/mostlygeek/llama-swap:cuda -config /config/config.yaml -watch-config
 ```
 
 <details>
@@ -119,6 +156,16 @@ brew install llama-swap
 llama-swap --config path/to/config.yaml --listen localhost:8080
 ```
 
+### MacPorts (macOS)
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> Maintained by MacPorts community - [llama-swap port](https://ports.macports.org/port/llama-swap). It is not an official part of llama-swap.
+
+```shell
+sudo port install llama-swap
+llama-swap --config path/to/config.yaml --listen localhost:8080
+```
+
 ### WinGet Install (Windows)
 
 > [!NOTE]
@@ -163,7 +210,7 @@ That's all you need to get started:
 Almost all configuration settings are optional and can be added one step at a time:
 
 - Advanced features
-  - `groups` to run multiple models at once
+  - `matrix` to run concurrent models with a custom swap logic DSL
   - `hooks` to run things on startup
   - `macros` reusable snippets
 - Model customization
@@ -181,7 +228,7 @@ See the [configuration documentation](docs/configuration.md) for all options.
 
 When a request is made to an OpenAI compatible endpoint, llama-swap will extract the `model` value and load the appropriate server configuration to serve it. If the wrong upstream server is running, it will be replaced with the correct one. This is where the "swap" part comes in. The upstream server is automatically swapped to handle the request correctly.
 
-In the most basic configuration llama-swap handles one model at a time. For more advanced use cases, the `groups` feature allows multiple models to be loaded at the same time. You have complete control over how your system resources are used.
+In the most basic configuration llama-swap handles one model at a time. For more advanced use cases, using a `matrix` allows multiple models to be loaded at the same time. You have complete control over how your system resources are used.
 
 ## Reverse Proxy Configuration (nginx)
 
@@ -241,6 +288,6 @@ For Python based inference servers like vllm or tabbyAPI it is recommended to ru
 ## Star History
 
 > [!NOTE]
-> ⭐️ Star this project to help others discover it!
+> Thank you to everyone who has given this project a ⭐️!
 
 [![Star History Chart](https://api.star-history.com/svg?repos=mostlygeek/llama-swap&type=Date)](https://www.star-history.com/#mostlygeek/llama-swap&Date)

ai-plans/improve-tests-655.md

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+# Improve Testability (#655)
+
+## Current Pain Points
+
+1. **Tests bypass config loading** - ~80% of tests build `config.Config` structs directly, skipping YAML parsing, env var substitution, macro expansion, and `${PORT}` assignment. Config bugs in those paths go untested.
+
+2. **simple-responder is everywhere** - Every proxy/routing test launches a real subprocess, waits for health checks (~healthCheckTimeout: 15), and manages process lifecycle just to test HTTP routing. Most of that overhead is wasted.
+
+3. **Port counter is fragile** - A global `nextTestPort` counter starting at 12000 with a mutex. Parallel tests or leftover processes can collide.
+
+## Stages
+
+### Stage 1: YAML-based test config helper
+
+**Goal:** Tests go through the real `LoadConfigFromReader` path instead of hand-building structs.
+
+**Effort:** Low | **Impact:** Config bugs caught earlier | **Risk:** None
+
+Create a test helper in `proxy/helpers_test.go`:
+
+```go
+// testConfigFromYAML substitutes simple-responder paths and loads through
+// the real config pipeline (env vars, macros, port assignment, etc.)
+func testConfigFromYAML(t *testing.T, yamlTmpl string) config.Config {
+    t.Helper()
+    yamlStr := strings.ReplaceAll(yamlTmpl, "{{RESPONDER}}", filepath.ToSlash(simpleResponderPath))
+    cfg, err := config.LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(yamlStr))
+    require.NoError(t, err)
+    return cfg
+}
+```
+
+Tests would then look like:
+
+```go
+func TestProxyManager_SwapProcessCorrectly(t *testing.T) {
+    config := testConfigFromYAML(t, `
+healthCheckTimeout: 15
+logLevel: error
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: {{RESPONDER}} --port ${PORT} -silent -respond model1
+  model2:
+    cmd: {{RESPONDER}} --port ${PORT} -silent -respond model2
+`)
+    proxy := New(config)
+    // ... same assertions
+}
+```
+
+**Why this stage first:** Zero production code changes. Pure test-side refactoring. Can be done incrementally - migrate tests one at a time. Each migrated test now validates the full config pipeline.
+
+**Scope:** ~20-30 tests in `proxymanager_test.go`, `processgroup_test.go`, `peerproxy_test.go`.
+
+### Stage 2: Injected test handler (eliminate simple-responder for routing tests)
+
+**Goal:** Replace simple-responder subprocess launches with an injected `http.Handler` for tests that don't specifically test process lifecycle.
+
+**Effort:** Medium | **Impact:** 10-100x faster routing tests | **Risk:** Low (additive, no existing code broken)
+
+Add a `testHandler http.Handler` field to `Process`. When set, `ProxyRequest` delegates directly to this handler instead of going through the reverse proxy. No subprocess, no health checks, no TCP roundtrip.
+
+**2a. Add testHandler to Process:**
+
+```go
+// In Process struct (process.go):
+testHandler http.Handler  // set only in tests; bypasses subprocess and reverse proxy
+```
+
+In `Process.Start()`, skip subprocess + health check when handler is set:
+
+```go
+func (p *Process) start() error {
+    if p.testHandler != nil {
+        p.setState(StateReady)
+        return nil
+    }
+    // existing subprocess logic...
+}
+```
+
+In `Process.ProxyRequest()`, delegate directly to the handler:
+
+```go
+// Before the reverseProxy.ServeHTTP call:
+if p.testHandler != nil {
+    p.testHandler.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+    return
+}
+```
+
+**2b. Test helper to create the handler:**
+
+```go
+// newTestHandler returns an http.Handler that mimics llama.cpp's API
+// (same endpoints as simple-responder).
+func newTestHandler(respond string) http.Handler {
+    mux := http.NewServeMux()
+    mux.HandleFunc("/v1/chat/completions", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { ... })
+    mux.HandleFunc("/health", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { ... })
+    // ... other endpoints
+    return mux
+}
+```
+
+Tests for routing/auth/CORS/streaming then become:
+
+```go
+func TestProxyManager_AuthRequired(t *testing.T) {
+    handler := newTestHandler("model1")
+
+    config := testConfigFromYAML(t, `
+healthCheckTimeout: 15
+logLevel: error
+requiredAPIKeys: [test-key]
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: {{RESPONDER}} --port ${PORT} -silent -respond model1
+`)
+    pm := NewProxyManager(config)
+    // inject handler — skips subprocess, health check, port allocation
+    pm.processGroups["model1"].process.testHandler = handler
+}
+```
+
+**Why this matters:** The handler is called directly in-process. No subprocess spawn, no health check timeout, no port allocation, no TCP roundtrip, no reverse proxy overhead. Routing tests go from ~100ms each (process startup + health check) to ~1ms. Unlike an `httptest.Server` approach, there are zero network hops.
+
+**Why not blank-cmd + proxy URL:** A blank `cmd` with a `proxy` field pointing at `httptest.Server` still requires a real TCP roundtrip through the reverse proxy and introduces "external process" semantics to the config schema. Injecting the handler directly keeps it purely a test concern with no config changes.
+
+**Scope:** Most tests in `proxymanager_test.go` (auth, CORS, model listing, streaming, peer proxy), `peerproxy_test.go`, `metrics_monitor_test.go`.
+
+### Stage 3: Migrate tests incrementally
+
+**Goal:** Convert existing tests to use the Stage 1 + Stage 2 helpers.
+
+**Effort:** Medium | **Impact:** Cleaner, more reliable tests | **Risk:** None
+
+Priority order:
+1. `proxymanager_test.go` routing tests (highest count, most repetition)
+2. `peerproxy_test.go` (straightforward, all HTTP routing)
+3. `metrics_monitor_test.go` (capture logic doesn't need real processes)
+4. `processgroup_test.go` swap tests (keep simple-responder for actual swap lifecycle tests)
+
+Tests that **must keep simple-responder:**
+- Process lifecycle: start/stop, SIGKILL, SIGTERM, TTL expiry, health check failures, failed start counting
+- ProcessGroup swap concurrency (the port-collision test in `TestProcessGroup_ProxyRequestSwapIsTrueParallel`)
+
+**Scope:** ~60-70% of tests can drop simple-responder.
+
+### Stage 4 (optional): Process interface for ProcessGroup
+
+**Goal:** Enable pure unit tests of ProcessGroup's swap/exclusive/concurrency logic without any HTTP server at all.
+
+**Effort:** High | **Impact:** Pure unit tests possible | **Risk:** Medium (refactor core code)
+
+```go
+type ProcessController interface {
+    Start() error
+    Stop(StopStrategy)
+    ProxyRequest(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) error
+    CurrentState() ProcessState
+    ID() string
+    SetState(ProcessState)  // for test setup
+}
+```
+
+This requires:
+- Extracting the interface
+- A `MockProcess` implementation
+- Refactoring `ProcessGroup` to use the interface instead of `*Process`
+
+**Recommendation:** Only do this if ProcessGroup grows significantly more complex. Stages 1-3 give 80% of the benefit for 20% of the effort.
+
+## Effort/Impact Summary
+
+| Stage | Effort | Impact | Risk |
+|-------|--------|--------|------|
+| 1. YAML config helper | Low | Config bugs caught earlier | None |
+| 2. Injected test handler | Medium | 10-100x faster routing tests | Low |
+| 3. Migrate tests | Medium | Cleaner, more reliable tests | None |
+| 4. Process interface | High | Pure unit tests possible | Medium |
+
+**Recommended approach:** Do stages 1-3 in order. Each stage is independently valuable and can ship on its own. Stage 4 is deferred unless there's a specific need.

cmd/fake-model/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/tidwall/gjson"
+)
+
+var loremWords = strings.Fields(
+	"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit sed do eiusmod tempor " +
+		"incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud " +
+		"exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat Duis aute " +
+		"irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla " +
+		"pariatur Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident sunt in culpa qui officia " +
+		"deserunt mollit anim id est laborum Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error " +
+		"sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium totam rem aperiam eaque ipsa quae " +
+		"ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo " +
+		"Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit",
+)
+
+var (
+	flagListen = flag.String("listen", "localhost:9898", "listen address")
+	flagTokens = flag.Int("tokens", 1000, "number of tokens to return")
+	flagTPS    = flag.Float64("tps", 75, "tokens per second")
+	flagLoad   = flag.String("load", "0s", "simulated load duration (e.g. 2s, 500ms)")
+)
+
+type chunkDelta struct {
+	Role    string `json:"role,omitempty"`
+	Content string `json:"content,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type chunkChoice struct {
+	Index        int        `json:"index"`
+	Delta        chunkDelta `json:"delta"`
+	FinishReason *string    `json:"finish_reason"`
+}
+
+type chatChunk struct {
+	ID      string        `json:"id"`
+	Object  string        `json:"object"`
+	Created int64         `json:"created"`
+	Model   string        `json:"model"`
+	Choices []chunkChoice `json:"choices"`
+}
+
+type completionMessage struct {
+	Role    string `json:"role"`
+	Content string `json:"content"`
+}
+
+type completionChoice struct {
+	Index        int               `json:"index"`
+	Message      completionMessage `json:"message"`
+	FinishReason string            `json:"finish_reason"`
+}
+
+type completionUsage struct {
+	PromptTokens     int `json:"prompt_tokens"`
+	CompletionTokens int `json:"completion_tokens"`
+	TotalTokens      int `json:"total_tokens"`
+}
+
+type chatCompletion struct {
+	ID      string             `json:"id"`
+	Object  string             `json:"object"`
+	Created int64              `json:"created"`
+	Model   string             `json:"model"`
+	Choices []completionChoice `json:"choices"`
+	Usage   completionUsage    `json:"usage"`
+}
+
+func loremText(n int) string {
+	words := make([]string, n)
+	for i := range words {
+		words[i] = loremWords[i%len(loremWords)]
+	}
+	return strings.Join(words, " ")
+}
+
+func sendChunk(w http.ResponseWriter, content string, finishReason *string) error {
+	chunk := chatChunk{
+		ID:      "chatcmpl-fake",
+		Object:  "chat.completion.chunk",
+		Created: time.Now().Unix(),
+		Model:   "fake-model",
+		Choices: []chunkChoice{
+			{
+				Index:        0,
+				Delta:        chunkDelta{Content: content},
+				FinishReason: finishReason,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	data, err := json.Marshal(chunk)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	_, err = fmt.Fprintf(w, "data: %s\n\n", data)
+	return err
+}
+
+// startLoading runs the countdown log and closes ready when loadDur elapses.
+// If loadDur is zero, ready is closed immediately.
+func startLoading(loadDur time.Duration) <-chan struct{} {
+	ready := make(chan struct{})
+	if loadDur == 0 {
+		close(ready)
+		return ready
+	}
+	go func() {
+		deadline := time.Now().Add(loadDur)
+		log.Printf("loading... %s remaining", loadDur.Round(time.Second))
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Second)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		timer := time.NewTimer(loadDur)
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-timer.C:
+				close(ready)
+				log.Printf("ready")
+				return
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				if rem := time.Until(deadline).Round(time.Second); rem > 0 {
+					log.Printf("loading... %s remaining", rem)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return ready
+}
+
+func healthHandler(ready <-chan struct{}) http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		select {
+		case <-ready:
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+		default:
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusServiceUnavailable)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func chatHandler(ready <-chan struct{}) http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if r.Method != http.MethodPost {
+			http.Error(w, "method not allowed", http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
+			return
+		}
+
+		body, err := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, "failed to read body", http.StatusBadRequest)
+			return
+		}
+
+		streaming := gjson.GetBytes(body, "stream").Bool()
+		ctx := r.Context()
+
+		select {
+		case <-ready:
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		}
+
+		tokens := *flagTokens
+		tps := *flagTPS
+		if tps <= 0 {
+			tps = 1
+		}
+
+		if !streaming {
+			delay := time.Duration(float64(tokens) / tps * float64(time.Second))
+			select {
+			case <-time.After(delay):
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			}
+			text := loremText(tokens)
+			resp := chatCompletion{
+				ID:      "chatcmpl-fake",
+				Object:  "chat.completion",
+				Created: time.Now().Unix(),
+				Model:   "fake-model",
+				Choices: []completionChoice{
+					{
+						Index:        0,
+						Message:      completionMessage{Role: "assistant", Content: text},
+						FinishReason: "stop",
+					},
+				},
+				Usage: completionUsage{
+					PromptTokens:     0,
+					CompletionTokens: tokens,
+					TotalTokens:      tokens,
+				},
+			}
+			w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+			json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(resp)
+			return
+		}
+
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+		w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+		w.Header().Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
+
+		flusher, ok := w.(http.Flusher)
+		if !ok {
+			http.Error(w, "streaming not supported", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Send role delta first
+		first := chatChunk{
+			ID:      "chatcmpl-fake",
+			Object:  "chat.completion.chunk",
+			Created: time.Now().Unix(),
+			Model:   "fake-model",
+			Choices: []chunkChoice{
+				{Index: 0, Delta: chunkDelta{Role: "assistant"}},
+			},
+		}
+		if data, err := json.Marshal(first); err == nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "data: %s\n\n", data)
+			flusher.Flush()
+		}
+
+		interval := time.Duration(float64(time.Second) / tps)
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(interval)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+
+		stop := "stop"
+		for i := 0; i < tokens; i++ {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-ticker.C:
+			}
+
+			word := loremWords[i%len(loremWords)]
+			if i < tokens-1 {
+				if err := sendChunk(w, word+" ", nil); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+			} else {
+				if err := sendChunk(w, word, &stop); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+			flusher.Flush()
+		}
+
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "data: [DONE]\n\n")
+		flusher.Flush()
+	}
+}
+
+func main() {
+	flag.Parse()
+
+	loadDur, err := time.ParseDuration(*flagLoad)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("invalid -load value %q: %v", *flagLoad, err)
+	}
+
+	ready := startLoading(loadDur)
+
+	mux := http.NewServeMux()
+	mux.HandleFunc("/health", healthHandler(ready))
+	mux.HandleFunc("/v1/chat/completions", chatHandler(ready))
+
+	srv := &http.Server{
+		Addr:    *flagListen,
+		Handler: mux,
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		log.Printf("listening on %s (tokens=%d tps=%.1f load=%s)",
+			*flagListen, *flagTokens, *flagTPS, loadDur)
+		if err := srv.ListenAndServe(); err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
+			log.Fatalf("server error: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	quit := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+	signal.Notify(quit, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
+	<-quit
+
+	log.Println("shutting down...")
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	if err := srv.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("shutdown error: %v", err)
+	}
+}

cmd/monitor-test/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/config"
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/logmon"
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/perf"
+)
+
+func printSysStat(s perf.SysStat) {
+	cores := make([]string, len(s.CpuUtilPerCore))
+	for i, v := range s.CpuUtilPerCore {
+		cores[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%.1f%%", v)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("[SYS %s]\n", s.Timestamp.Format("15:04:05"))
+	fmt.Printf("  CPU:  %s\n", strings.Join(cores, "  "))
+	fmt.Printf("  Mem:  %d MB used / %d MB total (%d MB free)\n", s.MemUsedMB, s.MemTotalMB, s.MemFreeMB)
+	fmt.Printf("  Swap: %d MB used / %d MB total\n", s.SwapUsedMB, s.SwapTotalMB)
+	fmt.Printf("  Load: %.2f  %.2f  %.2f  (1m 5m 15m)\n", s.LoadAvg1, s.LoadAvg5, s.LoadAvg15)
+}
+
+func printGpuStats(gpus []perf.GpuStat) {
+	for _, g := range gpus {
+		fmt.Printf("[GPU %d %s]\n", g.ID, g.Name)
+		fmt.Printf("  Util:  GPU %.1f%%  Mem %.1f%%\n", g.GpuUtilPct, g.MemUtilPct)
+		fmt.Printf("  Mem:   %d MB used / %d MB total\n", g.MemUsedMB, g.MemTotalMB)
+		fmt.Printf("  Temp:  %d°C   Fan: %.1f%%   Power: %.1f W\n", g.TempC, g.FanSpeedPct, g.PowerDrawW)
+	}
+}
+
+func main() {
+	stream := flag.Bool("stream", false, "stream stats")
+	interval := flag.Duration("t", time.Second, "polling interval (clamped to 1s–1h)")
+	flag.Parse()
+
+	every := *interval
+	if every < time.Second {
+		every = time.Second
+	} else if every > time.Hour {
+		every = time.Hour
+	}
+
+	l := logmon.New()
+	l.SetLogLevel(logmon.LevelDebug)
+
+	s, err := perf.ReadSysStats()
+	if err != nil && err != perf.ErrNotImplemented {
+		fmt.Println("Sys Error:", err)
+		return
+	}
+	printSysStat(s)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	gpuCh, err := perf.GetGpuStats(ctx, every, l)
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, perf.ErrNotImplemented) && !errors.Is(err, perf.ErrNoGpuTool) {
+		fmt.Println("GPU Init Error:", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if gpuCh != nil {
+		select {
+		case g := <-gpuCh:
+			printGpuStats(g)
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			fmt.Println("GPU: timed out waiting for stats")
+		}
+	}
+
+	if *stream {
+		m, _ := perf.New(config.PerformanceConfig{Every: every}, l)
+		m.Start()
+		defer m.Stop()
+		sysCh, gpuCh, unsub := m.Subscribe()
+		defer unsub()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case s := <-sysCh:
+				printSysStat(s)
+			case g := <-gpuCh:
+				printGpuStats(g)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

cmd/simple-responder/simple-responder.go

@@ -210,6 +210,11 @@ func main() {
 		})
 	})
 
+	r.GET("/v1/audio/voices", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		model := c.Query("model")
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"voices": []string{"voice1"}, "model": model})
+	})
+
 	r.GET("/slow-respond", func(c *gin.Context) {
 		echo := c.Query("echo")
 		delay := c.Query("delay")
@@ -269,6 +274,43 @@ func main() {
 		c.String(200, fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", c.Request.Method, c.Request.URL.Path))
 	})
 
+	// SD API endpoints
+	r.POST("/sdapi/v1/txt2img", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		body, err := io.ReadAll(c.Request.Body)
+		if err != nil {
+			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "Failed to read request body"})
+			return
+		}
+		defer c.Request.Body.Close()
+
+		modelName := gjson.GetBytes(body, "model").String()
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+			"model":  modelName,
+			"images": []string{},
+		})
+	})
+
+	r.POST("/sdapi/v1/img2img", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		body, err := io.ReadAll(c.Request.Body)
+		if err != nil {
+			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "Failed to read request body"})
+			return
+		}
+		defer c.Request.Body.Close()
+
+		modelName := gjson.GetBytes(body, "model").String()
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+			"model":  modelName,
+			"images": []string{},
+		})
+	})
+
+	r.GET("/sdapi/v1/loras", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
+			"loras": []string{},
+		})
+	})
+
 	address := "127.0.0.1:" + *port // Address with the specified port
 
 	srv := &http.Server{

cmd/test-concurrency/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	tea "github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	prompt := flag.String("prompt", "Write a few sentences about the history of computing.", "user message sent to each model")
+	maxTokens := flag.Int("max-tokens", 256, "max_tokens per request")
+	flag.Usage = func() {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Usage: %s [flags] <base-url> <model> [model...]\n", os.Args[0])
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Example: %s -max-tokens 400 http://localhost:8080 A B C D\n\n", os.Args[0])
+		flag.PrintDefaults()
+	}
+	flag.Parse()
+
+	args := flag.Args()
+	if len(args) < 2 {
+		flag.Usage()
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	baseURL := args[0]
+	models := args[1:]
+
+	m := newModel(models)
+	prog := tea.NewProgram(m, tea.WithAltScreen(), tea.WithMouseCellMotion())
+
+	// Chain of triggers ensures requests are sent in the order provided.
+	triggers := make([]chan struct{}, len(models))
+	for i := range triggers {
+		triggers[i] = make(chan struct{}, 1)
+	}
+	triggers[0] <- struct{}{}
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	start := time.Now()
+
+	for i, name := range models {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func(idx int, mdl string) {
+			defer wg.Done()
+
+			<-triggers[idx]
+
+			reqStart := time.Now()
+			prog.Send(statusMsg{idx: idx, status: statusStreaming})
+
+			if idx+1 < len(triggers) {
+				triggers[idx+1] <- struct{}{}
+			}
+
+			err := sendRequest(baseURL, mdl, *prompt, *maxTokens, idx, func(i int, text string) {
+				prog.Send(deltaMsg{idx: i, text: text})
+			})
+
+			elapsed := time.Since(reqStart)
+			if err != nil {
+				prog.Send(statusMsg{idx: idx, status: statusError, elapsed: elapsed, err: err})
+			} else {
+				prog.Send(statusMsg{idx: idx, status: statusDone, elapsed: elapsed})
+			}
+		}(i, name)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := prog.Run(); err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	wg.Wait()
+	printSummary(m, start)
+}
+
+func printSummary(m *model, start time.Time) {
+	fmt.Println("Summary:")
+	for _, p := range m.panels {
+		switch p.status {
+		case statusError:
+			fmt.Printf("  [%d] %-20s ERROR   elapsed=%s err=%v\n",
+				p.idx, p.model, p.elapsed.Round(time.Millisecond), p.err)
+		case statusDone:
+			fmt.Printf("  [%d] %-20s done    elapsed=%s\n",
+				p.idx, p.model, p.elapsed.Round(time.Millisecond))
+		default:
+			fmt.Printf("  [%d] %-20s %s\n", p.idx, p.model, p.status)
+		}
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("all done in %s\n", time.Since(start).Round(time.Millisecond))
+}

cmd/test-concurrency/request.go

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// deltaSink receives streamed text fragments for a given model panel.
+type deltaSink func(idx int, text string)
+
+type streamDelta struct {
+	Content          string `json:"content"`
+	ReasoningContent string `json:"reasoning_content"`
+}
+
+type streamChoice struct {
+	Delta streamDelta `json:"delta"`
+}
+
+type streamChunk struct {
+	Choices []streamChoice `json:"choices"`
+}
+
+// sendRequest streams a chat completion and forwards each content/reasoning
+// delta to sink. Reasoning and assistant content are emitted into the same
+// stream so they render together.
+func sendRequest(baseURL, model, prompt string, maxTokens, idx int, sink deltaSink) error {
+	payload := map[string]any{
+		"model": model,
+		"messages": []map[string]string{
+			{"role": "user", "content": prompt},
+		},
+		"max_tokens": maxTokens,
+		"stream":     true,
+	}
+
+	body, err := json.Marshal(payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	resp, err := http.Post(baseURL+"/v1/chat/completions", "application/json", bytes.NewReader(body))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		b, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		return fmt.Errorf("status %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, strings.TrimSpace(string(b)))
+	}
+
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(resp.Body)
+	scanner.Buffer(make([]byte, 0, 64*1024), 1024*1024)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(line, "data:") {
+			continue
+		}
+		data := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "data:"))
+		if data == "" || data == "[DONE]" {
+			if data == "[DONE]" {
+				break
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		var chunk streamChunk
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &chunk); err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, c := range chunk.Choices {
+			if c.Delta.ReasoningContent != "" {
+				sink(idx, c.Delta.ReasoningContent)
+			}
+			if c.Delta.Content != "" {
+				sink(idx, c.Delta.Content)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return scanner.Err()
+}

cmd/test-concurrency/tui.go

@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles/viewport"
+	tea "github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea"
+	"github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss"
+)
+
+type panelStatus int
+
+const (
+	statusWaiting panelStatus = iota
+	statusStreaming
+	statusDone
+	statusError
+)
+
+func (s panelStatus) String() string {
+	switch s {
+	case statusStreaming:
+		return "streaming"
+	case statusDone:
+		return "done"
+	case statusError:
+		return "error"
+	default:
+		return "waiting"
+	}
+}
+
+// deltaMsg appends streamed text to a panel.
+type deltaMsg struct {
+	idx  int
+	text string
+}
+
+// statusMsg updates a panel's lifecycle state.
+type statusMsg struct {
+	idx     int
+	status  panelStatus
+	elapsed time.Duration
+	err     error
+}
+
+type panel struct {
+	idx     int
+	model   string
+	color   lipgloss.Color
+	status  panelStatus
+	buf     strings.Builder
+	elapsed time.Duration
+	err     error
+}
+
+const (
+	minPanelWidth = 28
+	maxCols       = 3
+	panelHeight   = 9 // total box height including border + header
+)
+
+type model struct {
+	panels  []*panel
+	focused int
+	vp      viewport.Model
+	width   int
+	height  int
+	cols    int
+	pw      int // inner panel content width
+	ready   bool
+}
+
+func newModel(models []string) *model {
+	// Assign a stable color per unique model name (by first appearance).
+	colorOf := map[string]lipgloss.Color{}
+	panels := make([]*panel, len(models))
+	for i, m := range models {
+		c, ok := colorOf[m]
+		if !ok {
+			c = modelPalette[len(colorOf)%len(modelPalette)]
+			colorOf[m] = c
+		}
+		panels[i] = &panel{idx: i, model: m, color: c, status: statusWaiting}
+	}
+	return &model{panels: panels, focused: 0}
+}
+
+func (m *model) Init() tea.Cmd { return nil }
+
+func (m *model) Update(msg tea.Msg) (tea.Model, tea.Cmd) {
+	switch msg := msg.(type) {
+	case tea.WindowSizeMsg:
+		m.width = msg.Width
+		m.height = msg.Height
+		m.relayout()
+		m.refreshViewport(true)
+		return m, nil
+
+	case tea.KeyMsg:
+		switch msg.String() {
+		case "q", "ctrl+c", "esc":
+			return m, tea.Quit
+		case "tab", "right", "l":
+			m.setFocus(m.focused + 1)
+			return m, nil
+		case "shift+tab", "left", "h":
+			m.setFocus(m.focused - 1)
+			return m, nil
+		}
+		var cmd tea.Cmd
+		m.vp, cmd = m.vp.Update(msg)
+		return m, cmd
+
+	case tea.MouseMsg:
+		if msg.Action == tea.MouseActionPress && msg.Button == tea.MouseButtonLeft {
+			if idx, ok := m.panelAt(msg.X, msg.Y); ok {
+				m.setFocus(idx)
+			}
+			return m, nil
+		}
+		var cmd tea.Cmd
+		m.vp, cmd = m.vp.Update(msg)
+		return m, cmd
+
+	case deltaMsg:
+		p := m.panels[msg.idx]
+		p.buf.WriteString(msg.text)
+		if msg.idx == m.focused {
+			atBottom := m.vp.AtBottom()
+			m.refreshViewport(false)
+			if atBottom {
+				m.vp.GotoBottom()
+			}
+		}
+		return m, nil
+
+	case statusMsg:
+		p := m.panels[msg.idx]
+		p.status = msg.status
+		p.elapsed = msg.elapsed
+		p.err = msg.err
+		if msg.err != nil {
+			errTxt := lipgloss.NewStyle().Foreground(lipgloss.Color("196")).Render("\n" + msg.err.Error())
+			p.buf.WriteString(errTxt)
+			if msg.idx == m.focused {
+				m.refreshViewport(false)
+				m.vp.GotoBottom()
+			}
+		}
+		return m, nil
+	}
+
+	return m, nil
+}
+
+func (m *model) setFocus(idx int) {
+	if len(m.panels) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	if idx < 0 {
+		idx = len(m.panels) - 1
+	}
+	if idx >= len(m.panels) {
+		idx = 0
+	}
+	if idx == m.focused {
+		return
+	}
+	m.focused = idx
+	m.refreshViewport(true)
+}
+
+// relayout recomputes grid columns and panel/viewport dimensions.
+func (m *model) relayout() {
+	if m.width < minPanelWidth+4 {
+		m.cols = 1
+	} else {
+		m.cols = m.width / (minPanelWidth + 2)
+		if m.cols > maxCols {
+			m.cols = maxCols
+		}
+		if m.cols > len(m.panels) {
+			m.cols = len(m.panels)
+		}
+		if m.cols < 1 {
+			m.cols = 1
+		}
+	}
+
+	// inner content width: total width / cols, minus borders+padding (4) and gap.
+	boxOuter := m.width/m.cols - 1
+	m.pw = boxOuter - 4
+	if m.pw < 8 {
+		m.pw = 8
+	}
+
+	m.vp = viewport.New(m.pw, panelHeight-2)
+	m.ready = true
+}
+
+func (m *model) refreshViewport(reset bool) {
+	if !m.ready || len(m.panels) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	content := lipgloss.NewStyle().Width(m.pw).Render(m.panels[m.focused].buf.String())
+	m.vp.SetContent(content)
+	if reset {
+		m.vp.GotoBottom()
+	}
+}
+
+// panelAt maps screen coordinates to a panel index based on the grid layout.
+func (m *model) panelAt(x, y int) (int, bool) {
+	if m.cols == 0 {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	boxOuterW := m.width/m.cols + 1
+	col := x / boxOuterW
+	row := y / panelHeight
+	idx := row*m.cols + col
+	if col < m.cols && idx >= 0 && idx < len(m.panels) {
+		return idx, true
+	}
+	return 0, false
+}
+
+func (m *model) View() string {
+	if !m.ready {
+		return "loading..."
+	}
+
+	rows := []string{}
+	var current []string
+	for i, p := range m.panels {
+		current = append(current, m.renderPanel(p, i == m.focused))
+		if len(current) == m.cols {
+			rows = append(rows, lipgloss.JoinHorizontal(lipgloss.Top, current...))
+			current = nil
+		}
+	}
+	if len(current) > 0 {
+		rows = append(rows, lipgloss.JoinHorizontal(lipgloss.Top, current...))
+	}
+
+	grid := lipgloss.JoinVertical(lipgloss.Left, rows...)
+	footer := lipgloss.NewStyle().Faint(true).Render(
+		"tab/click: focus panel  •  wheel/↑↓/pgup/pgdn: scroll focused  •  q: quit")
+	return grid + "\n" + footer
+}
+
+// modelPalette gives each panel a distinct, readable color for its name.
+var modelPalette = []lipgloss.Color{
+	"39",  // blue
+	"213", // magenta
+	"214", // orange
+	"45",  // cyan
+	"141", // purple
+	"203", // salmon
+	"82",  // lime
+	"227", // light yellow
+}
+
+func statusColor(s panelStatus) lipgloss.Color {
+	switch s {
+	case statusStreaming:
+		return lipgloss.Color("220") // yellow - active
+	case statusDone:
+		return lipgloss.Color("42") // green - success
+	case statusError:
+		return lipgloss.Color("196") // red - error
+	default:
+		return lipgloss.Color("244") // gray - waiting
+	}
+}
+
+func (m *model) renderPanel(p *panel, focused bool) string {
+	border := lipgloss.RoundedBorder()
+	if focused {
+		border = lipgloss.DoubleBorder()
+	}
+	style := lipgloss.NewStyle().
+		Border(border).
+		BorderForeground(lipgloss.Color("240"))
+
+	statusTxt := p.status.String()
+	if p.elapsed > 0 {
+		statusTxt += " " + p.elapsed.Round(time.Millisecond).String()
+	}
+
+	// Header: model name (left, model color) + status/timer (right, status color).
+	name := fmt.Sprintf("[%d] %s", p.idx, p.model)
+	gap := m.pw - lipgloss.Width(name) - lipgloss.Width(statusTxt)
+	if gap < 1 {
+		name = truncate(name, m.pw-lipgloss.Width(statusTxt)-1)
+		gap = m.pw - lipgloss.Width(name) - lipgloss.Width(statusTxt)
+	}
+	if gap < 1 {
+		gap = 1
+	}
+	header := lipgloss.NewStyle().Bold(true).Foreground(p.color).Render(name) +
+		strings.Repeat(" ", gap) +
+		lipgloss.NewStyle().Foreground(statusColor(p.status)).Render(statusTxt)
+
+	var bodyLines string
+	if focused {
+		bodyLines = m.vp.View()
+	} else {
+		bodyLines = tailLines(p.buf.String(), m.pw, panelHeight-2)
+	}
+
+	content := lipgloss.JoinVertical(lipgloss.Left, header, bodyLines)
+	return style.Width(m.pw).Height(panelHeight - 2).Render(content)
+}
+
+func truncate(s string, w int) string {
+	if w <= 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if lipgloss.Width(s) <= w {
+		return s
+	}
+	r := []rune(s)
+	if len(r) > w {
+		r = r[:w]
+	}
+	return string(r)
+}
+
+// tailLines wraps text to width w and returns the last n lines.
+func tailLines(s string, w, n int) string {
+	wrapped := lipgloss.NewStyle().Width(w).Render(s)
+	lines := strings.Split(wrapped, "\n")
+	if len(lines) > n {
+		lines = lines[len(lines)-n:]
+	}
+	for len(lines) < n {
+		lines = append(lines, "")
+	}
+	return strings.Join(lines, "\n")
+}

config-schema.json

@@ -39,6 +39,121 @@
             },
             "default": {},
             "description": "A dictionary of string substitutions. Macros are reusable snippets used in model cmd, cmdStop, proxy, checkEndpoint, filters.stripParams. Macro names must be <64 chars, match ^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$, and not be PORT or MODEL_ID. Values can be string, number, or boolean. Macros can reference other macros defined before them."
+        },
+        "timeouts": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+                "connect": {
+                    "type": "integer",
+                    "minimum": 0,
+                    "default": 30,
+                    "description": "TCP connection timeout in seconds. Set to 0 to disable."
+                },
+                "keepalive": {
+                    "type": "integer",
+                    "minimum": 0,
+                    "default": 30,
+                    "description": "TCP keepalive timeout in seconds. Set to 0 to disable."
+                },
+                "responseHeader": {
+                    "type": "integer",
+                    "minimum": 0,
+                    "default": 0,
+                    "description": "Time to wait for response headers in seconds. Set to 0 to disable."
+                },
+                "tlsHandshake": {
+                    "type": "integer",
+                    "minimum": 0,
+                    "default": 10,
+                    "description": "TLS handshake timeout in seconds. Set to 0 to disable."
+                },
+                "expectContinue": {
+                    "type": "integer",
+                    "minimum": 0,
+                    "default": 1,
+                    "description": "Expect-Continue timeout in seconds. Set to 0 to disable."
+                },
+                "idleConn": {
+                    "type": "integer",
+                    "minimum": 0,
+                    "default": 90,
+                    "description": "Idle connection timeout in seconds. Set to 0 to disable."
+                }
+            },
+            "additionalProperties": false,
+            "description": "Timeout settings for proxy connections."
+        },
+        "groupsConfig": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "additionalProperties": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "required": [
+                    "members"
+                ],
+                "properties": {
+                    "swap": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "default": true,
+                        "description": "Controls model swapping behaviour within the group. True: only one model runs at a time. False: all models can run together."
+                    },
+                    "exclusive": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "default": true,
+                        "description": "Controls how the group affects other groups. True: causes all other groups to unload when this group runs a model. False: does not affect other groups."
+                    },
+                    "persistent": {
+                        "type": "boolean",
+                        "default": false,
+                        "description": "Prevents other groups from unloading the models in this group. Does not affect individual model behaviour."
+                    },
+                    "members": {
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {
+                            "type": "string"
+                        },
+                        "description": "Array of model IDs that are members of this group. Model IDs must be defined in models."
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            "description": "A dictionary of group settings. Provides advanced controls over model swapping behaviour. Model IDs must be defined in models. A model can only be a member of one group. Behaviour controlled via swap, exclusive, persistent."
+        },
+        "matrixConfig": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "Solver-based alternative to groups. Declares valid combinations of concurrent models. The solver minimizes eviction cost when swapping. A config must use either groups or matrix, not both.",
+            "required": [
+                "vars",
+                "sets"
+            ],
+            "properties": {
+                "vars": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "Short names for models. Keys must be alphanumeric, 1-8 characters. All sets and evict_costs must use these IDs.",
+                    "minProperties": 1,
+                    "additionalProperties": {
+                        "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "propertyNames": {
+                        "pattern": "^[a-zA-Z0-9]{1,8}$"
+                    }
+                },
+                "evict_costs": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "Relative cost of evicting a running model. Models not listed default to 1. Values must be positive integers.",
+                    "additionalProperties": {
+                        "type": "integer",
+                        "minimum": 1
+                    }
+                },
+                "sets": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "Named sets of concurrent model combinations. Values are DSL strings using & (AND), | (OR), () (grouping), and +ref (inline another set). Definition order is used for tie-breaking.",
+                    "minProperties": 1,
+                    "additionalProperties": {
+                        "type": "string"
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            "additionalProperties": false
         }
     },
     "properties": {
@@ -48,6 +163,12 @@
             "default": 120,
             "description": "Number of seconds to wait for a model to be ready to serve requests."
         },
+        "globalTTL": {
+            "type": "integer",
+            "minimum": 0,
+            "default": 0,
+            "description": "Default TTL for all models in seconds, 0 means no TTL and models will never be automatically unloaded"
+        },
         "logLevel": {
             "type": "string",
             "enum": [
@@ -87,6 +208,31 @@
             "default": 1000,
             "description": "Maximum number of metrics to keep in memory. Controls how many metrics are stored before older ones are discarded."
         },
+        "captureBuffer": {
+            "type": "integer",
+            "minimum": 0,
+            "default": 5,
+            "description": "Size in megabytes of the buffer for storing request/response captures. Set to 0 to disable captures."
+        },
+        "performance": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+                "disabled": {
+                    "type": "boolean",
+                    "default": false,
+                    "description": "Disable system performance monitoring."
+                },
+                "every": {
+                    "type": "string",
+                    "pattern": "^[-+]?(\\d+(\\.\\d+)?(ns|us|ms|s|m|h))+$",
+                    "default": "15s",
+                    "description": "Delay between polling for new performance statistics. Minimum duration is 1s. Lower values use more RAM as stats are kept in memory."
+                }
+            },
+            "additionalProperties": false,
+            "default": {},
+            "description": "Configuration for CPU, RAM and GPU monitoring statistics."
+        },
         "startPort": {
             "type": "integer",
             "default": 5800,
@@ -171,9 +317,9 @@
                     },
                     "ttl": {
                         "type": "integer",
-                        "minimum": 0,
-                        "default": 0,
-                        "description": "Automatically unload the model after ttl seconds. 0 disables unloading. Must be >0 to enable."
+                        "minimum": -1,
+                        "default": -1,
+                        "description": "Automatically unload the model after ttl seconds. -1 uses the global TTL value, 0 disables unloading. Must be >0 to enable."
                     },
                     "useModelName": {
                         "type": "string",
@@ -194,11 +340,20 @@
                                 "additionalProperties": true,
                                 "default": {},
                                 "description": "Dictionary of parameters to set/override in requests. Useful for enforcing specific parameter values. Protected params like 'model' cannot be overridden. Values can be strings, numbers, booleans, arrays, or objects."
+                            },
+                            "setParamsByID": {
+                                "type": "object",
+                                "additionalProperties": {
+                                    "type": "object",
+                                    "additionalProperties": true
+                                },
+                                "default": {},
+                                "description": "Dictionary mapping requested model IDs (or aliases) to parameters to set/override in requests. Applied after setParams and can override those values. Useful with aliases to vary behaviour depending on which alias the client used (e.g. different reasoning_effort per alias). Keys support ${MODEL_ID} macro substitution. Protected params like 'model' cannot be overridden."
                             }
                         },
                         "additionalProperties": false,
                         "default": {},
-                        "description": "Dictionary of filter settings. Supports stripParams and setParams."
+                        "description": "Dictionary of filter settings. Supports stripParams, setParams, and setParamsByID."
                     },
                     "metadata": {
                         "type": "object",
@@ -220,43 +375,71 @@
                         "type": "boolean",
                         "default": false,
                         "description": "If true the model will not show up in /v1/models responses. It can still be used as normal in API requests."
+                    },
+                    "timeouts": {
+                        "$ref": "#/definitions/timeouts"
+                    },
+                    "capabilities": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                            "in": {
+                                "type": "array",
+                                "minItems": 1,
+                                "uniqueItems": true,
+                                "default": [],
+                                "items": {
+                                    "type": "string",
+                                    "enum": [
+                                        "text",
+                                        "audio",
+                                        "image"
+                                    ]
+                                },
+                                "description": "List of input modalities understood by the model."
+                            },
+                            "out": {
+                                "type": "array",
+                                "minItems": 1,
+                                "uniqueItems": true,
+                                "default": [],
+                                "items": {
+                                    "type": "string",
+                                    "enum": [
+                                        "text",
+                                        "audio",
+                                        "image"
+                                    ]
+                                },
+                                "description": "List of output modalities generated by the model."
+                            },
+                            "tools": {
+                                "type": "boolean",
+                                "default": false,
+                                "description": "Whether the model supports function calling."
+                            },
+                            "reranker": {
+                                "type": "boolean",
+                                "default": false,
+                                "description": "Whether the model supports the /v1/rerank endpoint."
+                            },
+                            "context": {
+                                "type": "integer",
+                                "minimum": 0,
+                                "default": 0,
+                                "description": "Maximum token context length supported by the model."
+                            }
+                        },
+                        "additionalProperties": false,
+                        "description": "Defines what the model accepts for input, output and other metadata. Used in v1/models to inform clients what the model can do. An empty capabilities block (all zero values) is treated as not configured."
                     }
                 }
             }
         },
         "groups": {
-            "type": "object",
-            "additionalProperties": {
-                "type": "object",
-                "required": [
-                    "members"
-                ],
-                "properties": {
-                    "swap": {
-                        "type": "boolean",
-                        "default": true,
-                        "description": "Controls model swapping behaviour within the group. True: only one model runs at a time. False: all models can run together."
-                    },
-                    "exclusive": {
-                        "type": "boolean",
-                        "default": true,
-                        "description": "Controls how the group affects other groups. True: causes all other groups to unload when this group runs a model. False: does not affect other groups."
-                    },
-                    "persistent": {
-                        "type": "boolean",
-                        "default": false,
-                        "description": "Prevents other groups from unloading the models in this group. Does not affect individual model behaviour."
-                    },
-                    "members": {
-                        "type": "array",
-                        "items": {
-                            "type": "string"
-                        },
-                        "description": "Array of model IDs that are members of this group. Model IDs must be defined in models."
-                    }
-                }
-            },
-            "description": "A dictionary of group settings. Provides advanced controls over model swapping behaviour. Model IDs must be defined in models. A model can only be a member of one group. Behaviour controlled via swap, exclusive, persistent."
+            "$ref": "#/definitions/groupsConfig"
+        },
+        "matrix": {
+            "$ref": "#/definitions/matrixConfig"
         },
         "hooks": {
             "type": "object",
@@ -346,11 +529,166 @@
                         "additionalProperties": false,
                         "default": {},
                         "description": "Dictionary of filter settings for peer requests. Supports stripParams and setParams."
+                    },
+                    "timeouts": {
+                        "type": "object",
+                        "properties": {
+                            "connect": {
+                                "type": "integer",
+                                "minimum": 0,
+                                "default": 30,
+                                "description": "TCP connection timeout in seconds."
+                            },
+                            "keepalive": {
+                                "type": "integer",
+                                "minimum": 0,
+                                "default": 30,
+                                "description": "TCP keepalive connection timeout in seconds."
+                            },
+                            "responseHeader": {
+                                "type": "integer",
+                                "minimum": 0,
+                                "default": 0,
+                                "description": "Time to wait for response headers in seconds."
+                            },
+                            "tlsHandshake": {
+                                "type": "integer",
+                                "minimum": 0,
+                                "default": 10,
+                                "description": "TLS handshake timeout in seconds."
+                            },
+                            "idleConn": {
+                                "type": "integer",
+                                "minimum": 0,
+                                "default": 90,
+                                "description": "Idle connection timeout in seconds."
+                            }
+                        },
+                        "additionalProperties": false,
+                        "description": "Timeout settings for proxy connections to this peer."
                     }
                 }
             },
             "default": {},
             "description": "A dictionary of remote peers and models they provide. Peers can be another llama-swap or any server that provides the /v1/ generative API endpoints supported by llama-swap."
+        },
+        "upstream": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "Controls behaviour of the /upstream passthrough endpoint. Recommended to only use in special use cases; leaving it as the default will typically be the best experience.",
+            "properties": {
+                "ignorePaths": {
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "items": {
+                        "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "default": [
+                        ".*\\.(js|json|css|png|gif|jpg|jpeg|ico|txt)$"
+                    ],
+                    "description": "List of RE2 compatible regular expressions. Any request to a path matching any of the regular expressions will be ignored and not trigger a swap. When not specified, defaults to a pattern matching common static-asset suffixes (.js, .json, .css, .png, .gif, .jpg, .jpeg, .ico, .txt)."
+                }
+            },
+            "additionalProperties": false,
+            "default": {}
+        },
+        "routing": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "description": "Canonical routing/scheduling configuration. Alternative to the legacy top-level 'groups'/'matrix' keys; a config must not use both styles.",
+            "properties": {
+                "scheduler": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "Scheduler configuration. Decides the order in which queued requests are serviced.",
+                    "properties": {
+                        "use": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                                "serial",
+                                "fifo"
+                            ],
+                            "default": "serial",
+                            "description": "Scheduler to use. 'serial' (default on this fork): strict one-model-at-a-time, requests run in exact arrival order, switching models evicts every other model first. 'fifo': throughput-oriented, batches same-model requests and allows parallel/co-resident models."
+                        },
+                        "settings": {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "properties": {
+                                "fifo": {
+                                    "type": "object",
+                                    "properties": {
+                                        "priority": {
+                                            "type": "object",
+                                            "description": "Per-model priority. Keys are model IDs, values are integers (default 0). Higher values are serviced first.",
+                                            "additionalProperties": {
+                                                "type": "integer"
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                    },
+                                    "additionalProperties": false
+                                }
+                            },
+                            "additionalProperties": false
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "additionalProperties": false
+                },
+                "router": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "description": "Router configuration. Selects between the group and matrix swapping strategies.",
+                    "properties": {
+                        "use": {
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "enum": [
+                                "group",
+                                "matrix"
+                            ],
+                            "default": "group",
+                            "description": "Router to use. 'group' uses static groups, 'matrix' uses the solver-based swap matrix."
+                        },
+                        "settings": {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "properties": {
+                                "groups": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/definitions/groupsConfig"
+                                },
+                                "matrix": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/definitions/matrixConfig"
+                                }
+                            },
+                            "additionalProperties": false
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "additionalProperties": false
+                }
+            },
+            "additionalProperties": false
         }
-    }
-}
+    },
+    "allOf": [
+        {
+            "if": {
+                "required": [
+                    "groups"
+                ]
+            },
+            "then": {
+                "not": {
+                    "required": [
+                        "matrix"
+                    ]
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "if": {
+                "required": [
+                    "matrix"
+                ]
+            },
+            "then": {
+                "not": {
+                    "required": [
+                        "groups"
+                    ]
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    ]
+}

config.example.yaml

@@ -50,6 +50,23 @@ logToStdout: "proxy"
 # - useful for limiting memory usage when processing large volumes of metrics
 metricsMaxInMemory: 1000
 
+# captureBuffer: how many MBs to allocate for storing request/response captures
+# - optional, default: 10
+# - set to 0 to disable
+captureBuffer: 15
+
+# performance: configuration for system monitoring statistics
+# - timing values are duration strings like 1s, 1h30m, 90m, 2h10s, etc.
+performance:
+  # disabled: boolean
+  # - default: false
+  disabled: false
+
+  # every: delay between polling for new performance statistics
+  # - default: 5s
+  # - minimum duration 5s
+  every: 15s
+
 # startPort: sets the starting port number for the automatic ${PORT} macro.
 # - optional, default: 5800
 # - the ${PORT} macro can be used in model.cmd and model.proxy settings
@@ -70,6 +87,11 @@ sendLoadingState: true
 #   all fields except for Id so chat UIs can use the alias equivalent to the original.
 includeAliasesInList: false
 
+# globalTTL: the default TTL in seconds before unloading a model
+# - optional, default: 0 (never automatically unload)
+# - must be >= 0
+globalTTL: 0
+
 # macros: a dictionary of string substitutions
 # - optional, default: empty dictionary
 # - macros are reusable snippets
@@ -86,8 +108,7 @@ includeAliasesInList: false
 macros:
   # Example of a multi-line macro
   "latest-llama": >
-    /path/to/llama-server/llama-server-ec9e0301
-    --port ${PORT}
+    /path/to/llama-server/llama-server-ec9e0301 --port ${PORT}
 
   "default_ctx": 4096
 
@@ -113,6 +134,18 @@ apiKeys:
   - "${env.API_KEY_1}"
   - "${env.API_KEY_2}"
 
+# upstream: controls behaviour of the /upstream passthrough endpoint
+# - optional, default: empty dictionary
+# - recommended to only use in special use cases. Leaving it as the
+#   default will typically be the best experience
+upstream:
+  # ignorePaths: list of RE2 compatible regular expressions
+  # - default: (see below)
+  # - any request to a path matching any of the regular expressions
+  #   will be ignored and not trigger a swap
+  ignorePaths:
+    - '.*\.(js|json|css|png|gif|jpg|jpeg|ico|txt)$'
+
 # models: a dictionary of model configurations
 # - required
 # - each key is the model's ID, used in API requests
@@ -121,7 +154,7 @@ apiKeys:
 # - below are examples of the all the settings a model can have
 models:
   # keys are the model names used in API requests
-  "llama":
+  "gpt-oss-120b":
     # macros: a dictionary of string substitutions specific to this model
     # - optional, default: empty dictionary
     # - macros defined here override macros defined in the global macros section
@@ -138,7 +171,7 @@ models:
     cmd: |
       # ${latest-llama} is a macro that is defined above
       ${latest-llama}
-      --model path/to/llama-8B-Q4_K_M.gguf
+      --model path/to/gpt-oss-120B.gguf
       --ctx-size ${default_ctx}
       --temperature ${temp}
 
@@ -146,13 +179,13 @@ models:
     # - optional, default: empty string
     # - if set, it will be used in the v1/models API response
     # - if not set, it will be omitted in the JSON model record
-    name: "llama 3.1 8B"
+    name: "gpt-oss 120B"
 
     # description: a description for the model
     # - optional, default: empty string
     # - if set, it will be used in the v1/models API response
     # - if not set, it will be omitted in the JSON model record
-    description: "A small but capable model used for quick testing"
+    description: "A thinking model from OpenAI"
 
     # env: define an array of environment variables to inject into cmd's environment
     # - optional, default: empty array
@@ -167,14 +200,6 @@ models:
     # - if you use a custom port in cmd this *must* be set
     proxy: http://127.0.0.1:8999
 
-    # aliases: alternative model names that this model configuration is used for
-    # - optional, default: empty array
-    # - aliases must be unique globally
-    # - useful for impersonating a specific model
-    aliases:
-      - "gpt-4o-mini"
-      - "gpt-3.5-turbo"
-
     # checkEndpoint: URL path to check if the server is ready
     # - optional, default: /health
     # - endpoint is expected to return an HTTP 200 response
@@ -183,8 +208,10 @@ models:
     checkEndpoint: /custom-endpoint
 
     # ttl: automatically unload the model after ttl seconds
-    # - optional, default: 0
-    # - ttl values must be a value greater than 0
+    # - optional, default: -1 (use global default)
+    # - ttl values must be a value greater than or equal to 0
+    # - a ttl of -1 will use the global TTL value as the default
+    # - a ttl of 0 will mean never unload
     # - a value of 0 disables automatic unloading of the model
     ttl: 60
 
@@ -192,7 +219,7 @@ models:
     # - optional, default: ""
     # - useful for when the upstream server expects a specific model name that
     #   is different from the model's ID
-    useModelName: "qwen:qwq"
+    useModelName: "openai/gpt-oss-120B"
 
     # filters: a dictionary of filter settings
     # - optional, default: empty dictionary
@@ -211,11 +238,38 @@ models:
       # - useful for enforcing specific parameter values
       # - protected params like "model" cannot be overridden
       # - values can be strings, numbers, booleans, arrays, or objects
+      # - always runs for the model
       setParams:
         # Example: enforce specific sampling parameters
         temperature: 0.7
         top_p: 0.9
 
+      # setParamsByID: a dictionary of parameters to set based the model ID
+      # - optional, default: empty dictionary
+      # - combine with aliases to create variant behaviour without reloading the model
+      # - parameters are set in the request body JSON
+      # - run after setParams so it will override any settings
+      # - protected params like "model" cannot be overridden
+      # - values can be strings, numbers, booleans, arrays, or objects
+      # - model aliases will be automatically created for each key
+      setParamsByID:
+        "${MODEL_ID}":
+          chat_template_kwargs:
+            reasoning_effort: medium
+        "${MODEL_ID}:high":
+          chat_template_kwargs:
+            reasoning_effort: high
+        "${MODEL_ID}:low":
+          chat_template_kwargs:
+            reasoning_effort: low
+
+    # aliases: alternative model names that this model configuration is used for
+    # - optional, default: empty array
+    # - aliases must be unique globally
+    # - useful for impersonating a specific model
+    aliases:
+      - "gpt-4o-mini"
+
     # metadata: a dictionary of arbitrary values that are included in /v1/models
     # - optional, default: empty dictionary
     # - while metadata can contains complex types it is recommended to keep it simple
@@ -226,7 +280,8 @@ models:
 
       # the ${temp} macro will remain a float
       temperature: ${temp}
-      note: "The ${MODEL_ID} is running on port ${PORT} temp=${temp}, context=${default_ctx}"
+      note: "The ${MODEL_ID} is running on port ${PORT} temp=${temp},
+        context=${default_ctx}"
 
       a_list:
         - 1
@@ -253,6 +308,53 @@ models:
     # - optional, default: undefined (use global setting)
     sendLoadingState: false
 
+    # timeouts: configure proxy connection timeouts for this model
+    # - optional, defaults shown below
+    # - useful for models running on slower hardware that need longer timeouts
+    # - connect: TCP dial connection timeout in seconds, default: 30 seconds
+    # - keepalive: TCP connection keepalive timeout, default: 30 seconds
+    # - responseHeader: time to wait for response headers in seconds, default: 0 (no timeout)
+    # - tlsHandshake: TLS handshake timeout in seconds, default: 10 seconds
+    # - idleConn: idle connection timeout in seconds, default: 90 seconds
+    # - set any value to 0 to disable that timeout (not recommended)
+    timeouts:
+      connect: 30
+      keepalive: 0
+      responseHeader: 60
+      tlsHandshake: 10
+      idleConn: 90
+
+    # capabilities: defines what the model accepts for input, output and other metadata
+    # - optional; omitted or all-zero means no capabilities
+    # - used in v1/models to inform clients what the model can do
+    capabilities:
+      # in: list of modalities understood by the model
+      # - default: []
+      # - valid: text, audio, image
+      in:
+        - text
+        - audio
+        - image
+      # out: list of modalities generated by the model
+      # - default: []
+      # - valid: text, audio, image
+      out:
+        - text
+        - audio
+        - image
+      # tools: the model supports function calling
+      # - default: false
+      tools: true
+
+      # reranker: the model supports the /v1/rerank endpoint
+      # - default: false
+      reranker: false
+
+      # context: the maximum token context length supported
+      # - default: 0
+      # - must be an integer > 0
+      context: 32000
+
   # Unlisted model example:
   "qwen-unlisted":
     # unlisted: boolean, true or false
@@ -284,69 +386,6 @@ models:
     # - processes have 5 seconds to shutdown until forceful termination is attempted
     cmdStop: docker stop ${MODEL_ID}
 
-# groups: a dictionary of group settings
-# - optional, default: empty dictionary
-# - provides advanced controls over model swapping behaviour
-# - using groups some models can be kept loaded indefinitely, while others are swapped out
-# - model IDs must be defined in the Models section
-# - a model can only be a member of one group
-# - group behaviour is controlled via the `swap`, `exclusive` and `persistent` fields
-# - see issue #109 for details
-#
-# NOTE: the example below uses model names that are not defined above for demonstration purposes
-groups:
-  # group1 works the same as the default behaviour of llama-swap where only one model is allowed
-  # to run a time across the whole llama-swap instance
-  "group1":
-    # swap: controls the model swapping behaviour in within the group
-    # - optional, default: true
-    # - true : only one model is allowed to run at a time
-    # - false: all models can run together, no swapping
-    swap: true
-
-    # exclusive: controls how the group affects other groups
-    # - optional, default: true
-    # - true: causes all other groups to unload when this group runs a model
-    # - false: does not affect other groups
-    exclusive: true
-
-    # members references the models defined above
-    # required
-    members:
-      - "llama"
-      - "qwen-unlisted"
-
-  # Example:
-  # - in group2 all models can run at the same time
-  # - when a different group is loaded it causes all running models in this group to unload
-  "group2":
-    swap: false
-
-    # exclusive: false does not unload other groups when a model in group2 is requested
-    # - the models in group2 will be loaded but will not unload any other groups
-    exclusive: false
-    members:
-      - "docker-llama"
-      - "modelA"
-      - "modelB"
-
-  # Example:
-  # - a persistent group, prevents other groups from unloading it
-  "forever":
-    # persistent: prevents over groups from unloading the models in this group
-    # - optional, default: false
-    # - does not affect individual model behaviour
-    persistent: true
-
-    # set swap/exclusive to false to prevent swapping inside the group
-    # and the unloading of other groups
-    swap: false
-    exclusive: false
-    members:
-      - "forever-modelA"
-      - "forever-modelB"
-      - "forever-modelc"
-
 # hooks: a dictionary of event triggers and actions
 # - optional, default: empty dictionary
 # - the only supported hook is on_startup
@@ -363,6 +402,186 @@ hooks:
     preload:
       - "llama"
 
+# routing:
+# Controls how llama-swap decides which models can run at the same time and
+# which get swapped out. Choose one of two swap engines:
+#
+# - group:  the default engine. Simpler to configure. You define groups of
+#           models that run together, and loading one group typically unloads
+#           the others.
+#
+# - matrix: the newer engine. More involved to configure, but far more
+#           flexible. It uses a small expression language to describe which
+#           model combinations are allowed to run concurrently, enabling
+#           setups that groups cannot express.
+#
+# The routing section is optional.
+routing:
+  router:
+    # use: a string defining which engine to use
+    # - optional, default: "group"
+    # - valid values: group, matrix
+    use: group
+
+    # settings: a dictionary of settings for the specific engines
+    settings:
+      # groups: a dictionary of named groups
+      # - optional, default: empty dictionary
+      # - lets you keep some models loaded while others swap out
+      # - every member must be a model ID defined in the models section
+      # - a model can belong to only one group
+      # - behaviour is set per group with the `swap`, `exclusive` and
+      #   `persistent` fields
+      # - see issue #109 for details
+      #
+      # NOTE: the model names below are illustrative and are not defined above.
+      groups:
+        # group1 reproduces llama-swap's default behaviour: only one model
+        # runs at a time across the entire instance.
+        "group1":
+          # swap: how members of this group swap among themselves
+          # - optional, default: true
+          # - true:  only one member runs at a time
+          # - false: all members can run together, no swapping
+          swap: true
+
+          # exclusive: how this group affects other groups
+          # - optional, default: true
+          # - true:  running a member unloads every other group
+          # - false: running a member leaves other groups untouched
+          exclusive: true
+
+          # members: the model IDs in this group
+          # required
+          members:
+            - "llama"
+            - "qwen-unlisted"
+
+        # group2: members all run together, but loading any other group
+        # unloads them.
+        "group2":
+          # swap: false lets all members stay loaded at once
+          swap: false
+
+          # exclusive: false means requesting a member loads it without
+          # unloading any other group
+          exclusive: false
+          members:
+            - "docker-llama"
+            - "modelA"
+            - "modelB"
+
+        # forever: a persistent group that other groups can never unload.
+        "forever":
+          # persistent: other groups cannot unload this group's members
+          # - optional, default: false
+          # - has no effect on swapping within the group
+          persistent: true
+
+          # swap/exclusive: false keeps all members loaded and avoids
+          # unloading other groups
+          swap: false
+          exclusive: false
+          members:
+            - "forever-modelA"
+            - "forever-modelB"
+            - "forever-modelc"
+
+      # The matrix lists the model combinations that are allowed to run
+      # concurrently. When a model is requested, the solver makes room for it
+      # by evicting as few running models as possible, preferring to keep the
+      # costliest ones loaded.
+      #
+      # Solver behaviour:
+      #   1. A request arrives for model X.
+      #   2. If X is already running, forward the request. Done.
+      #   3. Collect every set that contains X.
+      #   4. For each set, add up the evict_costs of the running models that
+      #      are NOT in that set — that is the set's cost.
+      #   5. Choose the lowest-cost set. Break ties by definition order.
+      #   6. Evict the models outside that set, start X, forward the request.
+      #
+      # Subset semantics: a set [a, b, c] also permits any subset of itself.
+      # Only the requested model is started; the others are not preloaded.
+      #
+      # A model that appears in no set can only run on its own.
+      #
+      matrix:
+        # vars: short aliases for model IDs (alphanumeric, 1-8 chars)
+        # - required: sets and evict_costs reference these names, not model IDs
+        # - map each short name to a real model ID (not a model alias)
+        # - keeps the set expressions short and readable
+        vars:
+          g: gemma-model
+          q: qwen-model
+          m: mistral-model
+          v: voxtral-model
+          e: reranker-model
+          L: llama-70B
+          sd: stable-diffusion
+
+        # evict_costs: relative cost of losing a running model (default: 1)
+        evict_costs:
+          v: 50 # vllm backend, slow cold start
+          L: 30 # 70B weights, slow to load
+
+        # sets: named combinations of models that may run together.
+        # Each value is an expression built from these operators:
+        #   &     AND   (models run together)
+        #   |     OR    (alternatives)
+        #   ()    grouping
+        #   +ref  inline the expression of another set
+        #
+        # Each expression expands into one or more concrete sets:
+        #   "L"                  → [L]
+        #   "a & b"              → [a, b]
+        #   "a | b"              → [a], [b]
+        #   "(a | b) & c"        → [a, c], [b, c]
+        #   "(a | b) & (c | d)"  → [a,c], [a,d], [b,c], [b,d]
+        #   "+llms & v"          → inline the llms set, then AND with v
+        sets:
+          # An LLM plus TTS. Switching between g/q/m keeps v loaded.
+          # expands to: [g,v], [q,v], [m,v]
+          standard: "(g | q | m) & v"
+
+          # An LLM plus TTS plus reranker.
+          # expands to: [g,v,e], [q,v,e]
+          with_rerank: "(g | q) & v & e"
+
+          # An LLM plus image generation, no TTS.
+          # expands to: [g,sd], [q,sd]
+          creative: "(g | q) & sd"
+
+          # The 70B model uses every GPU, so it can only run alone.
+          # expands to: [L]
+          full: "L"
+
+  # scheduler: how queued requests are ordered and run.
+  # - optional, default on this fork: "serial"
+  # - valid values:
+  #   - "serial": strict one-model-at-a-time. Requests run in exact arrival
+  #     order; only one request runs at a time; switching to a different model
+  #     evicts every other running model first so a single model occupies memory
+  #     at a time. This ignores group/matrix co-residency entirely. The "fifo"
+  #     settings below (priority) do not apply.
+  #   - "fifo": throughput-oriented. Same-model requests are batched to reduce
+  #     swaps and a model serves up to its concurrencyLimit in parallel; models
+  #     in non-exclusive groups can run concurrently. Requests may be reordered.
+  scheduler:
+    use: serial
+    settings:
+      # fifo settings only apply when use: fifo
+      fifo:
+        # priority: a dictionary of model ID -> priority
+        # - optional, default: empty dictionary
+        # - models default to priority 0
+        # - higher priority requests are serviced first in the queue
+        priority:
+          A: 10
+          B: 5
+          C: 5
+          D: 1
+
 # peers: a dictionary of remote peers and models they provide
 # - optional, default empty dictionary
 # - peers can be another llama-swap
@@ -395,6 +614,17 @@ peers:
       - z-ai/glm-4.7
       - moonshotai/kimi-k2-0905
       - minimax/minimax-m2.1
+    # timeouts: configure proxy connection timeouts for this peer
+    # - optional, defaults shown below
+    # - useful when the peer runs on slower hardware
+    # - set any value to 0 to disable that timeout (not recommended)
+    timeouts:
+      connect: 30
+      keepalive: 30
+      responseHeader: 60
+      tlsHandshake: 10
+      idleConn: 90
+
     # filters: a dictionary of filter settings for peer requests
     # - optional, default: empty dictionary
     # - same capabilities as model filters (stripParams, setParams)

docker/build-container.sh

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
+set -euo pipefail
+
 cd $(dirname "$0")
 
 # use this to test locally, example:
@@ -8,6 +10,9 @@ cd $(dirname "$0")
 # the scopes: gist, read:org, repo, write:packages
 # then: gh auth login (and copy/paste the new token)
 
+LOG_DEBUG=${LOG_DEBUG:-0}
+DEBUG_ABORT_BUILD=${DEBUG_ABORT_BUILD:-}
+
 log_debug() {
     if [ "$LOG_DEBUG" = "1" ]; then
         echo "[DEBUG] $*"
@@ -22,7 +27,7 @@ ARCH=$1
 PUSH_IMAGES=${2:-false}
 
 # List of allowed architectures
-ALLOWED_ARCHS=("intel" "vulkan" "musa" "cuda" "cpu" "rocm")
+ALLOWED_ARCHS=("intel" "vulkan" "musa" "cuda" "cuda13" "cpu" "rocm")
 
 # Check if ARCH is in the allowed list
 if [[ ! " ${ALLOWED_ARCHS[@]} " =~ " ${ARCH} " ]]; then
@@ -31,7 +36,7 @@ if [[ ! " ${ALLOWED_ARCHS[@]} " =~ " ${ARCH} " ]]; then
 fi
 
 # Check if GITHUB_TOKEN is set and not empty
-if [[ -z "$GITHUB_TOKEN" ]]; then
+if [[ -z "${GITHUB_TOKEN:-}" ]]; then
   log_info "Error: GITHUB_TOKEN is not set or is empty."
   exit 1
 fi
@@ -39,14 +44,33 @@ fi
 # Set llama.cpp base image, customizable using the BASE_LLAMACPP_IMAGE environment
 # variable, this permits testing with forked llama.cpp repositories
 BASE_IMAGE=${BASE_LLAMACPP_IMAGE:-ghcr.io/ggml-org/llama.cpp}
+SD_IMAGE=${BASE_SDCPP_IMAGE:-ghcr.io/leejet/stable-diffusion.cpp}
 
-# Set llama-swap repository, automatically uses GITHUB_REPOSITORY variable
-# to enable easy container builds on forked repos
+# LS_REPO is the destination of the built container image — defaults to the
+# current GitHub repository so forked CI builds publish to the fork's own
+# ghcr.io namespace without code changes.
 LS_REPO=${GITHUB_REPOSITORY:-mostlygeek/llama-swap}
 
+# LS_BINARY_REPO is where the llama-swap release tarball is downloaded
+# from. Decoupled from LS_REPO so forks (which usually have no releases of
+# their own) can still build a container by pulling the canonical binary
+# from upstream. Override via the LS_BINARY_REPO env var when you maintain
+# fork-side releases.
+LS_BINARY_REPO=${LS_BINARY_REPO:-mostlygeek/llama-swap}
+
 # the most recent llama-swap tag
-# have to strip out the 'v' due to .tar.gz file naming
-LS_VER=$(curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/${LS_REPO}/releases/latest | jq -r .tag_name | sed 's/v//')
+# have to strip out the 'v' due to .tar.gz file naming.
+# Authenticated request — unauth'd github.com API is 60/hr per IP and GHA
+# runners share IPs, so the call regularly returns rate-limit JSON and
+# `.tag_name` then resolves to "null", producing a bogus `vnull` URL below.
+LS_VER=$(curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $GITHUB_TOKEN" \
+    "https://api.github.com/repos/${LS_BINARY_REPO}/releases/latest" \
+    | jq -r .tag_name | sed 's/v//')
+
+if [[ -z "$LS_VER" || "$LS_VER" == "null" ]]; then
+    log_info "Error: could not resolve latest llama-swap release tag from ${LS_BINARY_REPO}"
+    exit 1
+fi
 
 # Fetches the most recent llama.cpp tag matching the given prefix
 # Handles pagination to search beyond the first 100 results
@@ -105,6 +129,8 @@ else
     BASE_TAG=server-${ARCH}-${LCPP_TAG}
 fi
 
+SD_TAG=master-${ARCH}
+
 # Abort if LCPP_TAG is empty.
 if [[ -z "$LCPP_TAG" ]]; then
     log_info "Abort: Could not find llama-server container for arch: $ARCH"
@@ -118,6 +144,25 @@ if [[ ! -z "$DEBUG_ABORT_BUILD" ]]; then
     exit 0
 fi
 
+# cpu is the only backend with a multi-arch upstream base
+# (ghcr.io/ggml-org/llama.cpp:server-bXXXX ships amd64+arm64); GPU backends
+# are amd64-only and stay on the original `docker build` path so the
+# sd-server layer can still FROM the just-built image via the local
+# dockerd image store (buildx's container driver has a separate store
+# that doesn't share with dockerd, which breaks the sd build).
+if [ "$ARCH" == "cpu" ]; then
+    if [ "$PUSH_IMAGES" == "true" ]; then
+        BUILDX_FLAGS="--push --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64"
+    else
+        # Smoke build: validate both platforms but emit no output. buildx
+        # on the docker-container driver defaults to cacheonly when
+        # neither --push nor --load is given, so each arch fully builds
+        # and a regression in either fails CI — without materializing the
+        # image or needing to --load (which is multi-arch-incompatible).
+        BUILDX_FLAGS="--platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64"
+    fi
+fi
+
 for CONTAINER_TYPE in non-root root; do
   CONTAINER_TAG="ghcr.io/${LS_REPO}:v${LS_VER}-${ARCH}-${LCPP_TAG}"
   CONTAINER_LATEST="ghcr.io/${LS_REPO}:${ARCH}"
@@ -134,10 +179,35 @@ for CONTAINER_TYPE in non-root root; do
   fi
 
   log_info "Building $CONTAINER_TYPE $CONTAINER_TAG $LS_VER"
-  docker build -f llama-swap.Containerfile --build-arg BASE_TAG=${BASE_TAG} --build-arg LS_VER=${LS_VER} --build-arg UID=${USER_UID} \
-    --build-arg LS_REPO=${LS_REPO} --build-arg GID=${USER_GID} --build-arg USER_HOME=${USER_HOME} -t ${CONTAINER_TAG} -t ${CONTAINER_LATEST} \
-    --build-arg BASE_IMAGE=${BASE_IMAGE} .
-  if [ "$PUSH_IMAGES" == "true" ]; then
+  if [ "$ARCH" == "cpu" ]; then
+    docker buildx build $BUILDX_FLAGS --provenance=false \
+      -f llama-swap.Containerfile \
+      --build-arg BASE_TAG=${BASE_TAG} --build-arg LS_VER=${LS_VER} --build-arg UID=${USER_UID} \
+      --build-arg LS_REPO=${LS_BINARY_REPO} --build-arg GID=${USER_GID} --build-arg USER_HOME=${USER_HOME} \
+      --build-arg BASE_IMAGE=${BASE_IMAGE} \
+      -t ${CONTAINER_TAG} -t ${CONTAINER_LATEST} .
+  else
+    docker build --provenance=false -f llama-swap.Containerfile \
+      --build-arg BASE_TAG=${BASE_TAG} --build-arg LS_VER=${LS_VER} --build-arg UID=${USER_UID} \
+      --build-arg LS_REPO=${LS_BINARY_REPO} --build-arg GID=${USER_GID} --build-arg USER_HOME=${USER_HOME} \
+      -t ${CONTAINER_TAG} -t ${CONTAINER_LATEST} \
+      --build-arg BASE_IMAGE=${BASE_IMAGE} .
+  fi
+
+  # For architectures with stable-diffusion.cpp support, layer sd-server on top.
+  # Stays on `docker build` so the base resolves from local dockerd.
+  case "$ARCH" in
+    "musa" | "vulkan")
+      log_info "Adding sd-server to $CONTAINER_TAG"
+      docker build --provenance=false -f llama-swap-sd.Containerfile \
+        --build-arg BASE=${CONTAINER_TAG} \
+        --build-arg SD_IMAGE=${SD_IMAGE} --build-arg SD_TAG=${SD_TAG} \
+        --build-arg UID=${USER_UID} --build-arg GID=${USER_GID} \
+        -t ${CONTAINER_TAG} -t ${CONTAINER_LATEST} . ;;
+  esac
+
+  # cpu builds push inline via buildx --push; all other archs push here.
+  if [ "$ARCH" != "cpu" ] && [ "$PUSH_IMAGES" == "true" ]; then
     docker push ${CONTAINER_TAG}
     docker push ${CONTAINER_LATEST}
   fi

docker/build-image.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+#
+# Build script for llama-swap-docker with commit hash pinning
+#
+# Usage:
+#   ./build-image.sh --cuda                    # Build CUDA image
+#   ./build-image.sh --vulkan                  # Build Vulkan image
+#   ./build-image.sh --cuda --no-cache         # Build CUDA image without cache
+#   LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH=abc123 ./build-image.sh --cuda      # Override llama.cpp commit
+#   LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH=b8429 ./build-image.sh --vulkan    # Override llama.cpp release tag (vulkan uses prebuilt binaries)
+#   WHISPER_COMMIT_HASH=def456 ./build-image.sh --vulkan  # Override whisper.cpp commit
+#   SD_COMMIT_HASH=ghi789 ./build-image.sh --cuda        # Override stable-diffusion.cpp commit
+#
+# Features:
+#   - Auto-detects latest commit hashes from git repos
+#   - Builds llama-swap from local source code
+#   - Allows environment variable overrides for reproducible builds
+#   - Cache-friendly: changing commit hash busts cache appropriately
+#   - Supports both CUDA and Vulkan backends (requires explicit flag)
+#
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# Parse command line arguments
+BACKEND=""
+NO_CACHE=false
+
+if [[ $# -eq 0 ]]; then
+    echo "Error: No backend specified. Please use --cuda or --vulkan."
+    echo ""
+    echo "Usage: ./build-image.sh --cuda|--vulkan [--no-cache]"
+    echo ""
+    echo "Options:"
+    echo "  --cuda      Build CUDA image (NVIDIA GPUs)"
+    echo "  --vulkan    Build Vulkan image (AMD GPUs and compatible hardware)"
+    echo "  --no-cache  Force rebuild without using Docker cache"
+    echo "  --help, -h  Show this help message"
+    echo ""
+    echo "Environment variables:"
+    echo "  DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG     Set custom image tag (default: llama-swap:cuda or llama-swap:vulkan)"
+    echo "  LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH    Override llama.cpp commit hash"
+    echo "  WHISPER_COMMIT_HASH  Override whisper.cpp commit hash"
+    echo "  SD_COMMIT_HASH       Override stable-diffusion.cpp commit hash"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+for arg in "$@"; do
+    case $arg in
+        --cuda)
+            BACKEND="cuda"
+            ;;
+        --vulkan)
+            BACKEND="vulkan"
+            ;;
+        --no-cache)
+            NO_CACHE=true
+            ;;
+        --help|-h)
+            echo "Usage: ./build-image.sh --cuda|--vulkan [--no-cache]"
+            echo ""
+            echo "Options:"
+            echo "  --cuda      Build CUDA image (NVIDIA GPUs)"
+            echo "  --vulkan    Build Vulkan image (AMD GPUs and compatible hardware)"
+            echo "  --no-cache  Force rebuild without using Docker cache"
+            echo "  --help, -h  Show this help message"
+            echo ""
+            echo "Environment variables:"
+            echo "  DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG     Set custom image tag (default: llama-swap:cuda or llama-swap:vulkan)"
+            echo "  LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH    Override llama.cpp commit hash"
+            echo "  WHISPER_COMMIT_HASH  Override whisper.cpp commit hash"
+            echo "  SD_COMMIT_HASH       Override stable-diffusion.cpp commit hash"
+            exit 0
+            ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+# Validate backend selection
+if [[ -z "$BACKEND" ]]; then
+    echo "Error: No backend specified. Please use --cuda or --vulkan."
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Configuration
+if [[ -n "${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG:-}" ]]; then
+    # User provided a custom tag, use it as-is
+    :
+elif [[ "$BACKEND" == "vulkan" ]]; then
+    DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG="llama-swap:vulkan"
+else
+    DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG="llama-swap:cuda"
+fi
+DOCKER_BUILDKIT="${DOCKER_BUILDKIT:-1}"
+
+# Single unified Dockerfile, backend selected via build arg
+DOCKERFILE="Dockerfile"
+if [[ "$BACKEND" == "vulkan" ]]; then
+    echo "Building for: Vulkan (AMD GPUs and compatible hardware)"
+else
+    echo "Building for: CUDA (NVIDIA GPUs)"
+fi
+
+# Git repository URLs
+LLAMA_REPO="https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp.git"
+WHISPER_REPO="https://github.com/ggml-org/whisper.cpp.git"
+SD_REPO="https://github.com/leejet/stable-diffusion.cpp.git"
+
+# Function to get the latest commit hash from a git repo's default branch
+get_latest_commit() {
+    local repo_url="$1"
+    local branch="${2:-master}"
+
+    # Try to get the latest commit hash for the specified branch
+    git ls-remote --heads "${repo_url}" "${branch}" 2>/dev/null | head -1 | cut -f1
+}
+
+# Function to get the default branch name (master or main)
+get_default_branch() {
+    local repo_url="$1"
+
+    # Check for master first
+    if git ls-remote --heads "${repo_url}" master &>/dev/null; then
+        echo "master"
+    elif git ls-remote --heads "${repo_url}" main &>/dev/null; then
+        echo "main"
+    else
+        echo "master"  # fallback
+    fi
+}
+
+# Function to get the latest release tag from a GitHub repo
+get_latest_release_tag() {
+    local owner_repo="$1"
+    curl -fsSL "https://api.github.com/repos/${owner_repo}/releases/latest" \
+        | grep '"tag_name"' | head -1 | cut -d'"' -f4
+}
+
+echo "=========================================="
+echo "llama-swap-docker Build Script"
+echo "=========================================="
+echo ""
+
+# Determine commit hashes / release tags - use env vars or auto-detect
+# For vulkan builds, llama and sd use GitHub release tags (prebuilt binaries).
+# For cuda builds (or whisper on any backend), use git commit hashes.
+if [[ -n "${LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH:-}" ]]; then
+    LLAMA_HASH="${LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH}"
+    echo "llama.cpp: Using provided version: ${LLAMA_HASH}"
+elif [[ "$BACKEND" == "vulkan" ]]; then
+    LLAMA_HASH=$(get_latest_release_tag "ggml-org/llama.cpp")
+    if [[ -z "${LLAMA_HASH}" ]]; then
+        echo "ERROR: Could not determine latest release tag for llama.cpp" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "llama.cpp: Auto-detected latest release tag: ${LLAMA_HASH}"
+else
+    LLAMA_BRANCH=$(get_default_branch "${LLAMA_REPO}")
+    LLAMA_HASH=$(get_latest_commit "${LLAMA_REPO}" "${LLAMA_BRANCH}")
+    if [[ -z "${LLAMA_HASH}" ]]; then
+        echo "ERROR: Could not determine latest commit for llama.cpp" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "llama.cpp: Auto-detected latest commit (${LLAMA_BRANCH}): ${LLAMA_HASH}"
+fi
+
+if [[ -n "${WHISPER_COMMIT_HASH:-}" ]]; then
+    WHISPER_HASH="${WHISPER_COMMIT_HASH}"
+    echo "whisper.cpp: Using provided commit hash: ${WHISPER_HASH}"
+else
+    WHISPER_BRANCH=$(get_default_branch "${WHISPER_REPO}")
+    WHISPER_HASH=$(get_latest_commit "${WHISPER_REPO}" "${WHISPER_BRANCH}")
+    if [[ -z "${WHISPER_HASH}" ]]; then
+        echo "ERROR: Could not determine latest commit for whisper.cpp" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "whisper.cpp: Auto-detected latest commit (${WHISPER_BRANCH}): ${WHISPER_HASH}"
+fi
+
+if [[ -n "${SD_COMMIT_HASH:-}" ]]; then
+    SD_HASH="${SD_COMMIT_HASH}"
+    echo "stable-diffusion.cpp: Using provided version: ${SD_HASH}"
+elif [[ "$BACKEND" == "vulkan" ]]; then
+    SD_HASH=$(get_latest_release_tag "leejet/stable-diffusion.cpp")
+    if [[ -z "${SD_HASH}" ]]; then
+        echo "ERROR: Could not determine latest release tag for stable-diffusion.cpp" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "stable-diffusion.cpp: Auto-detected latest release tag: ${SD_HASH}"
+else
+    SD_BRANCH=$(get_default_branch "${SD_REPO}")
+    SD_HASH=$(get_latest_commit "${SD_REPO}" "${SD_BRANCH}")
+    if [[ -z "${SD_HASH}" ]]; then
+        echo "ERROR: Could not determine latest commit for stable-diffusion.cpp" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "stable-diffusion.cpp: Auto-detected latest commit (${SD_BRANCH}): ${SD_HASH}"
+fi
+
+echo ""
+echo "=========================================="
+echo "Starting Docker build..."
+echo "=========================================="
+echo ""
+
+# Build the Docker image with commit hashes as build args
+# Build context is the repository root (..) so the Dockerfile can access Go source
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+REPO_ROOT="$(cd "${SCRIPT_DIR}/.." && pwd)"
+BUILD_ARGS=(
+    --build-arg "BACKEND=${BACKEND}"
+    --build-arg "LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH=${LLAMA_HASH}"
+    --build-arg "WHISPER_COMMIT_HASH=${WHISPER_HASH}"
+    --build-arg "SD_COMMIT_HASH=${SD_HASH}"
+    -t "${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}"
+    -f "${SCRIPT_DIR}/${DOCKERFILE}"
+)
+
+if [[ "$NO_CACHE" == true ]]; then
+    BUILD_ARGS+=(--no-cache)
+    echo "Note: Building without cache"
+fi
+
+# Use docker buildx with a custom builder for parallelism control
+# The legacy DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build doesn't respect BUILDKIT_MAX_PARALLELISM env var
+# We need to use a custom builder with a buildkitd.toml config file
+BUILDER_NAME="llama-swap-builder"
+
+# Check if our custom builder exists with the right config, create/update if needed
+if ! docker buildx inspect "$BUILDER_NAME" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    echo "Creating custom buildx builder with max-parallelism=1..."
+    
+    # Create buildkitd.toml config file
+    cat > buildkitd.toml << 'BUILDKIT_EOF'
+[worker.oci]
+  max-parallelism = 1
+BUILDKIT_EOF
+    
+    # Create the builder with the config
+    docker buildx create --name "$BUILDER_NAME" \
+        --driver docker-container \
+        --buildkitd-config buildkitd.toml \
+        --use
+else
+    # Switch to our builder
+    docker buildx use "$BUILDER_NAME"
+fi
+
+echo "Building with sequential stages (one at a time), each using all CPU cores..."
+echo "Using builder: $BUILDER_NAME"
+
+# Use docker buildx build with --load to load the image into Docker
+# The --builder flag ensures we use our custom builder with max-parallelism=1
+# Build context is the repository root so we can access Go source files
+docker buildx build --builder "$BUILDER_NAME" --load "${BUILD_ARGS[@]}" "${REPO_ROOT}"
+
+echo ""
+echo "=========================================="
+echo "Verifying build artifacts..."
+echo "=========================================="
+echo ""
+
+# Verify all expected binaries exist in the image
+MISSING_BINARIES=()
+
+for binary in llama-server llama-cli whisper-server whisper-cli sd-server sd-cli llama-swap; do
+    if ! docker run --rm "${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}" which "${binary}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        MISSING_BINARIES+=("${binary}")
+    fi
+done
+
+if [[ ${#MISSING_BINARIES[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then
+    echo "ERROR: Build succeeded but the following binaries are missing from the image:"
+    for binary in "${MISSING_BINARIES[@]}"; do
+        echo "  - ${binary}"
+    done
+    echo ""
+    echo "This usually indicates a build stage failure. Try running with --no-cache flag:"
+    echo "  ./build-image.sh --vulkan --no-cache"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "All expected binaries verified: llama-server, llama-cli, whisper-server, whisper-cli, sd-server, sd-cli, llama-swap"
+
+echo ""
+echo "=========================================="
+echo "Build complete!"
+echo "=========================================="
+echo ""
+echo "Image tag: ${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}"
+echo ""
+echo "Built with:"
+echo "  llama.cpp:           ${LLAMA_HASH}"
+echo "  whisper.cpp:         ${WHISPER_HASH}"
+echo "  stable-diffusion.cpp: ${SD_HASH}"
+echo "  llama-swap:          $(docker run --rm "${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}" cat /versions.txt | grep llama-swap | cut -d' ' -f2-)"
+echo ""
+if [[ "$BACKEND" == "vulkan" ]]; then
+    echo "Run with:"
+    echo "  docker run -it --rm --device /dev/dri:/dev/dri ${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}"
+    echo ""
+    echo "Note: For AMD GPUs, you may also need to mount render devices:"
+    echo "  docker run -it --rm --device /dev/dri:/dev/dri --group-add video ${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}"
+else
+    echo "Run with:"
+    echo "  docker run -it --rm --gpus all ${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}"
+fi

docker/config.example.yaml

@@ -15,4 +15,19 @@ models:
     cmd: >
       /app/llama-server
       -hf bartowski/SmolLM2-135M-Instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M
-      --port 9999
+      --port 9999
+
+  z-image:
+    checkEndpoint: /
+    cmd: |
+      /app/sd-server
+      --listen-port 9999
+      --diffusion-fa
+      --diffusion-model /models/z_image_turbo-Q8_0.gguf
+      --vae /models/ae.safetensors
+      --llm /models/qwen3-4b-instruct-2507-q8_0.gguf
+      --offload-to-cpu
+      --cfg-scale 1.0
+      --height 512 --width 512
+      --steps 8
+    aliases: [gpt-image-1,dall-e-2,dall-e-3,gpt-image-1-mini,gpt-image-1.5]

docker/fork-cuda.Containerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# Build a CUDA llama-swap image FROM THIS FORK's source (includes the serial
+# scheduler) and layer it on a pinned llama.cpp CUDA server base. Produces e.g.:
+#   gitea.stevedudenhoeffer.com/steve/llama-swap:v230-cuda-b9821
+#
+# BASE_TAG selects the llama.cpp CUDA runtime + llama-server build, e.g.
+# "server-cuda-b9821". The llama-swap binary (with the embedded Svelte UI) is
+# compiled from the repo at build time, so no GitHub release is required.
+#
+# Build context is the repo root:
+#   docker build -f docker/fork-cuda.Containerfile \
+#     --build-arg BASE_TAG=server-cuda-b9821 -t llama-swap:v230-cuda-b9821 .
+
+ARG BASE_IMAGE=ghcr.io/ggml-org/llama.cpp
+ARG BASE_TAG=server-cuda-b9821
+
+# ---- Stage 1: build the Svelte UI (embedded into the binary) ----
+FROM node:22-bookworm-slim AS ui
+WORKDIR /src/ui-svelte
+# Install deps first for layer caching. .npmrc carries legacy-peer-deps=true,
+# which the project relies on (tailwind/vite peer ranges), so copy it before
+# npm ci or the strict resolver fails with ERESOLVE.
+COPY ui-svelte/package.json ui-svelte/package-lock.json ui-svelte/.npmrc ./
+RUN npm ci
+COPY ui-svelte/ ./
+# `npm run build` is `vite build --emptyOutDir`; vite.config.ts writes to
+# ../internal/server/ui_dist, which //go:embed picks up in the next stage.
+RUN mkdir -p /src/internal/server && npm run build
+
+# ---- Stage 2: build the llama-swap binary with the embedded UI ----
+FROM golang:1.26-bookworm AS build
+WORKDIR /src
+# Cache modules independently of source churn.
+COPY go.mod go.sum ./
+RUN go mod download
+COPY . .
+# Overlay the freshly built UI so //go:embed ui_dist ships the real assets
+# instead of the committed placeholder.
+COPY --from=ui /src/internal/server/ui_dist/ ./internal/server/ui_dist/
+ARG LS_VERSION=v230
+ARG GIT_HASH=unknown
+ARG BUILD_DATE=unknown
+RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build \
+    -ldflags="-X main.version=${LS_VERSION} -X main.commit=${GIT_HASH} -X main.date=${BUILD_DATE}" \
+    -o /out/llama-swap .
+
+# ---- Stage 3: runtime image on the pinned llama.cpp CUDA base ----
+FROM ${BASE_IMAGE}:${BASE_TAG}
+
+# Run as root by default to match the upstream `vNNN-cuda-bNNNN` (non-suffixed)
+# image that ragnaros pulls today: it needs root to reach the mounted docker
+# socket for container-backed models (sd-server). Override UID/GID at build time
+# for a non-root variant.
+ARG UID=0
+ARG GID=0
+ARG USER_HOME=/root
+ENV HOME=$USER_HOME
+
+RUN set -eux; \
+    if [ "$UID" -ne 0 ]; then \
+      if [ "$GID" -ne 0 ]; then groupadd --system --gid "$GID" app; fi; \
+      useradd --system --uid "$UID" --gid "$GID" --home "$USER_HOME" app; \
+    fi; \
+    mkdir --parents "$HOME" /app; \
+    chown --recursive "$UID:$GID" "$HOME" /app
+
+COPY --from=build --chown=$UID:$GID /out/llama-swap /app/llama-swap
+COPY --chown=$UID:$GID docker/config.example.yaml /app/config.yaml
+
+USER $UID:$GID
+WORKDIR /app
+ENV PATH="/app:${PATH}"
+
+HEALTHCHECK CMD curl -f http://localhost:8080/ || exit 1
+ENTRYPOINT [ "/app/llama-swap", "-config", "/app/config.yaml" ]

docker/llama-swap-sd.Containerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+ARG SD_IMAGE=ghcr.io/leejet/stable-diffusion.cpp
+ARG SD_TAG=master-vulkan
+ARG BASE=llama-swap:latest
+
+FROM ${SD_IMAGE}:${SD_TAG} AS sd-source
+FROM ${BASE}
+
+ARG UID=10001
+ARG GID=10001
+
+COPY --from=sd-source --chown=${UID}:${GID} /sd-server /app/sd-server

docker/llama-swap.Containerfile

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ ARG BASE_IMAGE=ghcr.io/ggml-org/llama.cpp
 ARG BASE_TAG=server-cuda
 FROM ${BASE_IMAGE}:${BASE_TAG}
 
-# has to be after the FROM
 ARG LS_VER=170
 ARG LS_REPO=mostlygeek/llama-swap
 
@@ -34,9 +33,15 @@ WORKDIR /app
 ENV PATH="/app:${PATH}"
 
 RUN \
-    curl -LO "https://github.com/${LS_REPO}/releases/download/v${LS_VER}/llama-swap_${LS_VER}_linux_amd64.tar.gz" && \
-    tar -zxf "llama-swap_${LS_VER}_linux_amd64.tar.gz" && \
-    rm "llama-swap_${LS_VER}_linux_amd64.tar.gz"
+    set -eux; \
+    case "$(uname -m)" in \
+        x86_64)  ARCH=amd64 ;; \
+        aarch64) ARCH=arm64 ;; \
+        *) echo "unsupported arch: $(uname -m)" >&2; exit 1 ;; \
+    esac; \
+    curl --fail -LO "https://github.com/${LS_REPO}/releases/download/v${LS_VER}/llama-swap_${LS_VER}_linux_${ARCH}.tar.gz" && \
+    tar -zxf "llama-swap_${LS_VER}_linux_${ARCH}.tar.gz" && \
+    rm "llama-swap_${LS_VER}_linux_${ARCH}.tar.gz"
 
 COPY --chown=$UID:$GID config.example.yaml /app/config.yaml
 

docker/unified/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+# Unified multi-stage Dockerfile for AI inference tools
+# Supports CUDA and Vulkan backends via BACKEND build arg
+#
+# Usage:
+#   docker buildx build --build-arg BACKEND=cuda -t llama-swap:unified-cuda .
+#   docker buildx build --build-arg BACKEND=vulkan -t llama-swap:unified-vulkan .
+#   docker buildx build --build-arg BACKEND=cuda --build-arg CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES="86;89" -t llama-swap:unified-cuda .
+#
+# Each project has its own install script that handles cloning, building,
+# and installing binaries. Build stages are independent for cache efficiency.
+
+ARG BACKEND=cuda
+
+# ── Builder bases ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+FROM nvidia/cuda:12.9.1-devel-ubuntu24.04 AS builder-base-cuda
+
+ARG CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES="60;61;75;86;89"
+ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+ENV CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES}
+ENV CCACHE_DIR=/ccache
+ENV CCACHE_MAXSIZE=2G
+ENV PATH="/usr/lib/ccache:${PATH}"
+
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    build-essential cmake git python3 python3-pip libssl-dev \
+    curl ca-certificates ccache make wget \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+WORKDIR /build
+
+# ──
+
+FROM ubuntu:24.04 AS builder-base-vulkan
+
+ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+ENV CCACHE_DIR=/ccache
+ENV CCACHE_MAXSIZE=2G
+ENV PATH="/usr/lib/ccache:${PATH}"
+
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    build-essential cmake git python3 python3-pip libssl-dev \
+    curl ca-certificates ccache make wget software-properties-common \
+    libvulkan-dev glslang-tools spirv-tools vulkan-validationlayers glslc \
+    spirv-headers \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+WORKDIR /build
+
+# ── Select builder base by BACKEND ────────────────────────────────────
+
+FROM builder-base-${BACKEND} AS builder-base
+
+# ── Build whisper.cpp (fastest build, run first) ──────────────────────
+
+FROM builder-base AS whisper-build
+ARG BACKEND=cuda
+ARG WHISPER_COMMIT_HASH=master
+COPY install-whisper.sh /build/
+RUN --mount=type=cache,id=ccache-${BACKEND},target=/ccache \
+    --mount=type=cache,id=whisper-${BACKEND},target=/src/whisper.cpp/build \
+    BACKEND=${BACKEND} bash /build/install-whisper.sh "${WHISPER_COMMIT_HASH}"
+
+# ── Build stable-diffusion.cpp ────────────────────────────────────────
+
+FROM builder-base AS sd-build
+ARG BACKEND=cuda
+ARG SD_COMMIT_HASH=master
+COPY install-sd.sh /build/
+RUN --mount=type=cache,id=ccache-${BACKEND},target=/ccache \
+    --mount=type=cache,id=sd-${BACKEND},target=/src/stable-diffusion.cpp/build \
+    BACKEND=${BACKEND} bash /build/install-sd.sh "${SD_COMMIT_HASH}"
+
+# ── Build llama.cpp (slowest build, run last) ─────────────────────────
+
+FROM builder-base AS llama-build
+ARG BACKEND=cuda
+ARG LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH=master
+COPY install-llama.sh /build/
+RUN --mount=type=cache,id=ccache-${BACKEND},target=/ccache \
+    --mount=type=cache,id=llama-${BACKEND},target=/src/llama.cpp/build \
+    BACKEND=${BACKEND} bash /build/install-llama.sh "${LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH}"
+
+# ── Build ik_llama.cpp (CUDA only) ────────────────────────────────────
+#
+# Two named stages allow ARG BACKEND to select at build time:
+#   - ik-llama-cuda  : real build (from builder-base-cuda)
+#   - ik-llama-vulkan: no-op (empty /install/bin, skips CUDA pull entirely)
+# BuildKit only evaluates the selected branch, so vulkan builds never
+# pull nvidia/cuda:*-devel or compile ik_llama.cpp.
+
+FROM builder-base-vulkan AS ik-llama-vulkan
+RUN mkdir -p /install/bin
+
+FROM builder-base-cuda AS ik-llama-cuda
+ARG IK_LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH=main
+COPY install-ik-llama.sh /build/
+RUN --mount=type=cache,id=ccache-cuda,target=/ccache \
+    --mount=type=cache,id=ik-llama-cuda,target=/src/ik_llama.cpp/build \
+    bash /build/install-ik-llama.sh "${IK_LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH}"
+
+ARG BACKEND=cuda
+FROM ik-llama-${BACKEND} AS ik-llama-build
+
+# ── Download llama-swap release binary ────────────────────────────────
+
+FROM builder-base AS llama-swap-download
+ARG LS_VERSION=latest
+COPY install-llama-swap.sh /build/
+RUN bash /build/install-llama-swap.sh "${LS_VERSION}"
+
+# ── Runtime bases ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+FROM nvidia/cuda:12.9.1-runtime-ubuntu24.04 AS runtime-cuda
+
+ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+ENV LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/usr/local/cuda/lib64:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}"
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/bin:${PATH}"
+
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    libgomp1 python3 curl ca-certificates \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# CUDA stub drivers for container compatibility
+COPY --from=builder-base-cuda /usr/local/cuda/lib64/stubs/libcuda.so /usr/local/cuda/lib64/stubs/libcuda.so
+COPY --from=builder-base-cuda /usr/local/cuda/lib64/stubs/libcuda.so /usr/local/cuda/lib64/stubs/libcuda.so.1
+
+# ──
+
+FROM ubuntu:24.04 AS runtime-vulkan
+
+ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+ENV PATH="/usr/local/bin:${PATH}"
+
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    libgomp1 libvulkan1 mesa-vulkan-drivers \
+    python3 curl ca-certificates \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# ── Select runtime base by BACKEND ────────────────────────────────────
+
+FROM runtime-${BACKEND} AS runtime
+
+ARG BACKEND=cuda
+ARG LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH=unknown
+ARG WHISPER_COMMIT_HASH=unknown
+ARG SD_COMMIT_HASH=unknown
+ARG IK_LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH=unknown
+ARG RUN_UID=0
+
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    python3-numpy python3-sentencepiece python3-pip \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# Create non-root user when RUN_UID != 0
+RUN if [ "$RUN_UID" != "0" ]; then \
+      groupadd --system --gid $RUN_UID llama-swap && \
+      useradd --system --uid $RUN_UID --gid $RUN_UID \
+        --home /app --shell /sbin/nologin llama-swap; \
+    fi && \
+    mkdir -p /etc/llama-swap/config && \
+    chown -R ${RUN_UID}:${RUN_UID} /etc/llama-swap
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Copy whisper.cpp binaries and libraries
+COPY --from=whisper-build /install/bin/whisper-server /usr/local/bin/
+COPY --from=whisper-build /install/bin/whisper-cli /usr/local/bin/
+COPY --from=whisper-build /install/lib/ /usr/local/lib/
+
+# Copy stable-diffusion.cpp binaries and libraries
+COPY --from=sd-build /install/bin/sd-server /usr/local/bin/
+COPY --from=sd-build /install/bin/sd-cli /usr/local/bin/
+COPY --from=sd-build /install/lib/ /usr/local/lib/
+
+# Copy llama.cpp binaries (statically linked)
+COPY --from=llama-build /install/bin/llama-server /usr/local/bin/
+COPY --from=llama-build /install/bin/llama-cli /usr/local/bin/
+
+# Copy ik-llama-server (CUDA only; empty copy for vulkan)
+COPY --from=ik-llama-build /install/bin/ /usr/local/bin/
+
+# Install uv
+RUN pip install uv --break-system-packages
+
+# Copy llama-swap binary
+COPY --from=llama-swap-download /install/bin/llama-swap /usr/local/bin/
+COPY --from=llama-swap-download /install/llama-swap-version /tmp/
+
+RUN ldconfig
+
+COPY config.example.yaml /etc/llama-swap/config/config.yaml
+
+# Version tracking
+RUN echo "llama.cpp: ${LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH}" > /versions.txt && \
+    echo "whisper.cpp: ${WHISPER_COMMIT_HASH}" >> /versions.txt && \
+    echo "stable-diffusion.cpp: ${SD_COMMIT_HASH}" >> /versions.txt && \
+    echo "ik_llama.cpp: ${IK_LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH}" >> /versions.txt && \
+    echo "llama-swap: $(cat /tmp/llama-swap-version)" >> /versions.txt && \
+    echo "backend: ${BACKEND}" >> /versions.txt && \
+    echo "build_timestamp: $(date -u +%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ)" >> /versions.txt
+
+RUN mkdir -p /models && chown ${RUN_UID}:${RUN_UID} /models
+WORKDIR /models
+USER ${RUN_UID}
+ENTRYPOINT ["llama-swap"]
+CMD ["-config", "/etc/llama-swap/config/config.yaml", "-listen", "0.0.0.0:8080"]

docker/unified/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Unified Docker Container
+
+These scripts create a custom llama-swap container that contains:
+
+- llama-server for LLMs, rerank and embedding model support
+- sd-server (stable-diffusion.cpp) for image generation
+- whisper.cpp for ASR
+

docker/unified/build-image.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+#
+# Build script for unified container with version pinning
+#
+# Usage:
+#   ./build-image.sh --cuda                              # Build CUDA image
+#   ./build-image.sh --vulkan                            # Build Vulkan image
+#   ./build-image.sh --cuda --no-cache                   # Build without cache
+#   LLAMA_REF=b1234 ./build-image.sh --vulkan            # Pin llama.cpp to a commit hash
+#   LLAMA_REF=v1.2.3 ./build-image.sh --cuda             # Pin llama.cpp to a tag
+#   WHISPER_REF=v1.0.0 ./build-image.sh --vulkan         # Pin whisper.cpp to a tag
+#   SD_REF=master ./build-image.sh --cuda                # Pin stable-diffusion.cpp to a branch
+#   LS_VERSION=170 ./build-image.sh --cuda               # Override llama-swap version
+#   IK_LLAMA_REF=main ./build-image.sh --cuda            # Pin ik_llama.cpp to main branch (CUDA only)
+#
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+BACKEND=""
+NO_CACHE=false
+
+for arg in "$@"; do
+    case $arg in
+        --cuda)
+            BACKEND="cuda"
+            ;;
+        --vulkan)
+            BACKEND="vulkan"
+            ;;
+        --no-cache)
+            NO_CACHE=true
+            ;;
+        --help|-h)
+            echo "Usage: ./build-image.sh --cuda|--vulkan [--no-cache]"
+            echo ""
+            echo "Options:"
+            echo "  --cuda      Build CUDA image (NVIDIA GPUs)"
+            echo "  --vulkan    Build Vulkan image (AMD GPUs and compatible hardware)"
+            echo "  --no-cache  Force rebuild without using Docker cache"
+            echo "  --help, -h  Show this help message"
+            echo ""
+            echo "Environment variables:"
+            echo "  DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG     Set custom image tag (default: llama-swap:unified-cuda or llama-swap:unified-vulkan)"
+            echo "  LLAMA_REF            Pin llama.cpp to a commit, tag, or branch"
+            echo "  WHISPER_REF          Pin whisper.cpp to a commit, tag, or branch"
+            echo "  SD_REF               Pin stable-diffusion.cpp to a commit, tag, or branch"
+            echo "  IK_LLAMA_REF         Pin ik_llama.cpp to a commit, tag, or branch (CUDA only)"
+            echo "  LS_VERSION           Override llama-swap version (e.g., '170' or 'latest')"
+            exit 0
+            ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+if [[ -z "$BACKEND" ]]; then
+    echo "Error: No backend specified. Please use --cuda or --vulkan."
+    echo ""
+    echo "Usage: ./build-image.sh --cuda|--vulkan [--no-cache]"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG="${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG:-llama-swap:unified-${BACKEND}}"
+
+# Git repository URLs
+LLAMA_REPO="https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp.git"
+WHISPER_REPO="https://github.com/ggml-org/whisper.cpp.git"
+SD_REPO="https://github.com/leejet/stable-diffusion.cpp.git"
+LLAMA_SWAP_REPO="https://github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap.git"
+IK_LLAMA_REPO="https://github.com/ikawrakow/ik_llama.cpp.git"
+
+# Resolve a git ref (commit hash, tag, or branch) to a full commit hash.
+# Requires only: git, network access to the remote.
+resolve_ref() {
+    local repo_url="$1"
+    local ref="$2"
+
+    # Full 40-char SHA — use as-is
+    if [[ "${ref}" =~ ^[0-9a-f]{40}$ ]]; then
+        echo "${ref}"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    # Try tag then branch (exact match)
+    local hash
+    hash=$(git ls-remote "${repo_url}" "refs/tags/${ref}" "refs/heads/${ref}" 2>/dev/null | head -1 | cut -f1)
+    if [[ -n "${hash}" ]]; then
+        echo "${hash}"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    # Short hash (7+ chars): scan all refs for a SHA with this prefix
+    if [[ "${ref}" =~ ^[0-9a-f]{7,}$ ]]; then
+        hash=$(git ls-remote "${repo_url}" 2>/dev/null | grep "^${ref}" | head -1 | cut -f1)
+        if [[ -n "${hash}" ]]; then
+            echo "${hash}"
+            return
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    echo "ERROR: Could not resolve ref '${ref}' for ${repo_url}" >&2
+    if [[ "${ref}" =~ ^[0-9a-f]+$ && ${#ref} -lt 7 ]]; then
+        echo "  Short hashes must be at least 7 characters (got ${#ref})." >&2
+    else
+        echo "  Tried: tag, branch, git ls-remote prefix match" >&2
+    fi
+    echo "  Use a full 40-char SHA, a tag name, a branch name, or a 7+ char short hash." >&2
+    return 1
+}
+
+# Resolve HEAD of a repo without needing to know the default branch name.
+get_latest_hash() {
+    git ls-remote "${1}" HEAD 2>/dev/null | head -1 | cut -f1
+}
+
+echo "=========================================="
+echo "llama-swap Unified Build (${BACKEND})"
+echo "=========================================="
+echo ""
+
+# Resolve llama.cpp ref
+if [[ -n "${LLAMA_REF:-}" ]]; then
+    LLAMA_HASH=$(resolve_ref "${LLAMA_REPO}" "${LLAMA_REF}") || exit 1
+    echo "llama.cpp: ${LLAMA_REF} -> ${LLAMA_HASH}"
+else
+    LLAMA_HASH=$(get_latest_hash "${LLAMA_REPO}")
+    if [[ -z "${LLAMA_HASH}" ]]; then
+        echo "ERROR: Could not determine latest commit for llama.cpp" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "llama.cpp: latest HEAD: ${LLAMA_HASH}"
+fi
+
+# Resolve whisper.cpp ref
+if [[ -n "${WHISPER_REF:-}" ]]; then
+    WHISPER_HASH=$(resolve_ref "${WHISPER_REPO}" "${WHISPER_REF}") || exit 1
+    echo "whisper.cpp: ${WHISPER_REF} -> ${WHISPER_HASH}"
+else
+    WHISPER_HASH=$(get_latest_hash "${WHISPER_REPO}")
+    if [[ -z "${WHISPER_HASH}" ]]; then
+        echo "ERROR: Could not determine latest commit for whisper.cpp" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "whisper.cpp: latest HEAD: ${WHISPER_HASH}"
+fi
+
+# Resolve stable-diffusion.cpp ref
+if [[ -n "${SD_REF:-}" ]]; then
+    SD_HASH=$(resolve_ref "${SD_REPO}" "${SD_REF}") || exit 1
+    echo "stable-diffusion.cpp: ${SD_REF} -> ${SD_HASH}"
+else
+    SD_HASH=$(get_latest_hash "${SD_REPO}")
+    if [[ -z "${SD_HASH}" ]]; then
+        echo "ERROR: Could not determine latest commit for stable-diffusion.cpp" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "stable-diffusion.cpp: latest HEAD: ${SD_HASH}"
+fi
+
+# Resolve ik_llama.cpp ref (CUDA only)
+if [[ "$BACKEND" == "cuda" ]]; then
+    if [[ -n "${IK_LLAMA_REF:-}" ]]; then
+        IK_LLAMA_HASH=$(resolve_ref "${IK_LLAMA_REPO}" "${IK_LLAMA_REF}") || exit 1
+        echo "ik_llama.cpp: ${IK_LLAMA_REF} -> ${IK_LLAMA_HASH}"
+    else
+        IK_LLAMA_HASH=$(get_latest_hash "${IK_LLAMA_REPO}")
+        if [[ -z "${IK_LLAMA_HASH}" ]]; then
+            echo "ERROR: Could not determine latest commit for ik_llama.cpp" >&2
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        echo "ik_llama.cpp: latest HEAD: ${IK_LLAMA_HASH}"
+    fi
+else
+    IK_LLAMA_HASH="n/a"
+    echo "ik_llama.cpp: skipped (vulkan build)"
+fi
+
+# Resolve llama-swap ref
+if [[ -n "${LS_VERSION:-}" ]]; then
+    LS_HASH=$(resolve_ref "${LLAMA_SWAP_REPO}" "${LS_VERSION}") || exit 1
+    echo "llama-swap: ${LS_VERSION} -> ${LS_HASH}"
+else
+    LS_HASH=$(get_latest_hash "${LLAMA_SWAP_REPO}")
+    if [[ -z "${LS_HASH}" ]]; then
+        echo "ERROR: Could not determine latest commit for llama-swap" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "llama-swap: latest HEAD: ${LS_HASH}"
+fi
+
+echo ""
+echo "=========================================="
+echo "Starting Docker build..."
+echo "=========================================="
+echo ""
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+
+BUILD_ARGS=(
+    --build-arg "BACKEND=${BACKEND}"
+    --build-arg "LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH=${LLAMA_HASH}"
+    --build-arg "WHISPER_COMMIT_HASH=${WHISPER_HASH}"
+    --build-arg "SD_COMMIT_HASH=${SD_HASH}"
+    --build-arg "IK_LLAMA_COMMIT_HASH=${IK_LLAMA_HASH}"
+    --build-arg "LS_VERSION=${LS_HASH}"
+    -t "${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}"
+    -f "${SCRIPT_DIR}/Dockerfile"
+)
+
+if [[ "$NO_CACHE" == true ]]; then
+    BUILD_ARGS+=(--no-cache)
+    echo "Note: Building without cache"
+elif [[ "${GITHUB_ACTIONS:-}" == "true" && "${ACT:-}" != "true" ]]; then
+    CACHE_REF="ghcr.io/mostlygeek/llama-swap:unified-${BACKEND}-cache"
+    BUILD_ARGS+=(
+        --cache-from "type=registry,ref=${CACHE_REF}"
+        --cache-to "type=registry,ref=${CACHE_REF},mode=max"
+    )
+    echo "Note: Using registry cache (${CACHE_REF})"
+fi
+
+DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker buildx build --load "${BUILD_ARGS[@]}" "${SCRIPT_DIR}"
+
+echo ""
+echo "=========================================="
+echo "Verifying build artifacts..."
+echo "=========================================="
+echo ""
+
+EXPECTED_BINARIES=(llama-server llama-cli whisper-server whisper-cli sd-server sd-cli llama-swap)
+if [[ "$BACKEND" == "cuda" ]]; then
+    EXPECTED_BINARIES+=(ik-llama-server)
+fi
+
+MISSING_BINARIES=()
+for binary in "${EXPECTED_BINARIES[@]}"; do
+    if ! docker run --rm --entrypoint which "${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}" "${binary}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        MISSING_BINARIES+=("${binary}")
+    fi
+done
+
+if [[ ${#MISSING_BINARIES[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then
+    echo "ERROR: Build succeeded but the following binaries are missing:"
+    for binary in "${MISSING_BINARIES[@]}"; do
+        echo "  - ${binary}"
+    done
+    echo ""
+    echo "Try running with --no-cache flag:"
+    echo "  ./build-image.sh --${BACKEND} --no-cache"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+VERIFIED_LIST="llama-server, llama-cli, whisper-server, whisper-cli, sd-server, sd-cli, llama-swap"
+if [[ "$BACKEND" == "cuda" ]]; then
+    VERIFIED_LIST="${VERIFIED_LIST}, ik-llama-server"
+fi
+echo "All expected binaries verified: ${VERIFIED_LIST}"
+
+echo ""
+echo "=========================================="
+echo "Building rootless image..."
+echo "=========================================="
+echo ""
+
+ROOTLESS_TAG="${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}-rootless"
+docker buildx build --load -t "${ROOTLESS_TAG}" - <<EOF
+FROM ${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}
+USER root
+RUN groupadd --system --gid 10001 llama-swap && \\
+    useradd --system --uid 10001 --gid 10001 \\
+      --home /app --shell /sbin/nologin llama-swap && \\
+    chown -R 10001:10001 /etc/llama-swap /models
+USER 10001
+EOF
+
+echo "Rootless image built: ${ROOTLESS_TAG}"
+
+echo ""
+echo "=========================================="
+echo "Build complete!"
+echo "=========================================="
+echo ""
+echo "Image tags:"
+echo "  ${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}"
+echo "  ${ROOTLESS_TAG}"
+echo ""
+echo "Built with:"
+echo "  llama.cpp:            ${LLAMA_HASH}"
+echo "  whisper.cpp:          ${WHISPER_HASH}"
+echo "  stable-diffusion.cpp: ${SD_HASH}"
+if [[ "$BACKEND" == "cuda" ]]; then
+    echo "  ik_llama.cpp:         ${IK_LLAMA_HASH}"
+fi
+echo "  llama-swap:           $(docker run --rm --entrypoint cat "${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}" /versions.txt | grep llama-swap | cut -d' ' -f2-)"
+echo ""
+if [[ "$BACKEND" == "vulkan" ]]; then
+    echo "Run with:"
+    echo "  docker run -it --rm --device /dev/dri:/dev/dri ${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}"
+    echo ""
+    echo "Note: For AMD GPUs, you may also need:"
+    echo "  docker run -it --rm --device /dev/dri:/dev/dri --group-add video ${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}"
+else
+    echo "Run with:"
+    echo "  docker run -it --rm --gpus all ${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}"
+fi

docker/unified/config.example.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# placeholder example configuration
+healthCheckTimeout: 300
+logRequests: true
+
+models:
+  "llama":
+    cmd: >
+      llama-server
+      -hf bartowski/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct-GGUF:Q4_K_M
+      --port ${PORT}
+
+  "whisper":
+    checkEndpoint: /v1/audio/transcriptions/
+    cmd: >
+      whisper-server
+      --port ${PORT}
+      --m /models/whisper.bin
+      --flash-attn
+      --request-path /v1/audio/transcriptions --inference-path ""
+
+  "image":
+    checkEndpoint: /
+    cmd: |
+      /app/sd-server
+      --listen-port 9999
+      --diffusion-fa
+      --diffusion-model /models/z_image_turbo-Q8_0.gguf
+      --vae /models/ae.safetensors
+      --llm /models/qwen3-4b-instruct-2507-q8_0.gguf
+      --offload-to-cpu
+      --cfg-scale 1.0
+      --height 512 --width 512
+      --steps 8

docker/unified/install-ik-llama.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Install ik_llama.cpp - clone, build, and install binaries
+# Usage: ./install-ik-llama.sh <commit_hash>
+# Note: CUDA only; always built against builder-base-cuda
+set -e
+
+COMMIT_HASH="${1:-main}"
+
+mkdir -p /install/bin
+
+# Clone and checkout (init-based so cache-mounted build dir doesn't break clone)
+echo "=== Cloning ik_llama.cpp at ${COMMIT_HASH} ==="
+mkdir -p /src/ik_llama.cpp
+cd /src/ik_llama.cpp
+if [ ! -d .git ]; then
+    git init
+    git remote add origin https://github.com/ikawrakow/ik_llama.cpp.git
+fi
+git fetch --depth=1 origin "${COMMIT_HASH}"
+git checkout FETCH_HEAD
+
+CMAKE_FLAGS=(
+    -DGGML_NATIVE=OFF
+    -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF
+    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
+    -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
+    -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
+    -DGGML_CUDA=ON
+    "-DCMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES:?CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES must be set}"
+    "-DCMAKE_CUDA_FLAGS=-allow-unsupported-compiler"
+    "-DCMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS=-Wl,-rpath-link,/usr/local/cuda/lib64/stubs -lcuda -Wl,--allow-shlib-undefined"
+)
+
+rm -rf build/CMakeCache.txt build/CMakeFiles 2>/dev/null || true
+
+echo "=== Building ik_llama.cpp ==="
+cmake -B build "${CMAKE_FLAGS[@]}"
+cmake --build build --config Release -j"$(nproc)" --target llama-server
+
+if [ ! -f "build/bin/llama-server" ]; then
+    echo "FATAL: llama-server not found in build/bin/" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Install as ik-llama-server to avoid collision with llama.cpp's llama-server
+cp "build/bin/llama-server" "/install/bin/ik-llama-server"
+echo "=== ik_llama.cpp build complete ==="
+ls -la /install/bin/

docker/unified/install-llama-swap.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Install llama-swap - download latest release binary from GitHub
+# Usage: ./install-llama-swap.sh [version]
+#   version: release version number (e.g., "170") or "latest" (default)
+set -e
+
+VERSION="${1:-latest}"
+REPO="mostlygeek/llama-swap"
+
+mkdir -p /install/bin
+
+# If a full commit hash is given, find the release tag that points to it
+if echo "${VERSION}" | grep -qE '^[0-9a-f]{40}$'; then
+    echo "=== Resolving commit ${VERSION:0:7} to release tag ==="
+    TAG=$(git ls-remote --tags "https://github.com/${REPO}.git" 2>/dev/null \
+        | grep "^${VERSION}" | sed 's|.*refs/tags/||' | grep -v '\^{}' | head -1)
+    if [ -n "${TAG}" ]; then
+        echo "Resolved to tag: ${TAG}"
+        VERSION="${TAG#v}"
+    else
+        echo "No release tag found for commit ${VERSION:0:7}, using latest"
+        VERSION="latest"
+    fi
+fi
+
+# Strip leading 'v' prefix so both "198" and "v198" work
+VERSION="${VERSION#v}"
+
+# Resolve "latest" to actual version number
+if [ "$VERSION" = "latest" ]; then
+    echo "=== Resolving latest llama-swap release ==="
+    VERSION=$(curl -fsSL "https://api.github.com/repos/${REPO}/releases/latest" \
+        | grep '"tag_name"' | head -1 | cut -d'"' -f4 | sed 's/^v//')
+    if [ -z "$VERSION" ]; then
+        echo "FATAL: Could not determine latest release version" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "Latest version: ${VERSION}"
+fi
+
+
+ARCH=$(uname -m)
+case "$ARCH" in
+    x86_64) ARCH="amd64" ;;
+    aarch64|arm64) ARCH="arm64" ;;
+    *) echo "FATAL: Unsupported architecture: $ARCH" >&2; exit 1 ;;
+esac
+
+# Download and extract
+URL="https://github.com/${REPO}/releases/download/v${VERSION}/llama-swap_${VERSION}_linux_${ARCH}.tar.gz"
+echo "=== Downloading llama-swap v${VERSION} ==="
+echo "URL: $URL"
+curl -fSL -o /tmp/llama-swap.tar.gz "$URL"
+tar -xzf /tmp/llama-swap.tar.gz -C /install/bin/
+rm /tmp/llama-swap.tar.gz
+
+# Validate
+if [ ! -x "/install/bin/llama-swap" ]; then
+    echo "FATAL: llama-swap binary not found or not executable" >&2
+    ls -la /install/bin/ >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "$VERSION" > /install/llama-swap-version
+
+echo "=== llama-swap v${VERSION} installed ==="
+ls -la /install/bin/llama-swap

docker/unified/install-llama.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Install llama.cpp - clone, build, and install binaries
+# Usage: BACKEND=cuda|vulkan ./install-llama.sh <commit_hash>
+set -e
+
+COMMIT_HASH="${1:-master}"
+BACKEND="${BACKEND:-cuda}"
+
+mkdir -p /install/bin
+
+# Clone and checkout (init-based so cache-mounted /src/llama.cpp/build dir doesn't break clone)
+echo "=== Cloning llama.cpp at ${COMMIT_HASH} ==="
+mkdir -p /src/llama.cpp
+cd /src/llama.cpp
+if [ ! -d .git ]; then
+    git init
+    git remote add origin https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp.git
+fi
+git fetch --depth=1 origin "${COMMIT_HASH}"
+git checkout FETCH_HEAD
+
+# Common cmake flags
+CMAKE_FLAGS=(
+    -DGGML_NATIVE=OFF
+    -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF
+    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
+    -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
+    -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
+    -DLLAMA_BUILD_TESTS=OFF
+)
+
+if [ "$BACKEND" = "cuda" ]; then
+    CMAKE_FLAGS+=(
+        -DGGML_CUDA=ON
+        -DGGML_VULKAN=OFF
+        "-DCMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES:?CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES must be set}"
+        "-DCMAKE_CUDA_FLAGS=-allow-unsupported-compiler"
+        "-DCMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS=-Wl,-rpath-link,/usr/local/cuda/lib64/stubs -lcuda"
+    )
+elif [ "$BACKEND" = "vulkan" ]; then
+    CMAKE_FLAGS+=(
+        -DGGML_CUDA=OFF
+        -DGGML_VULKAN=ON
+    )
+fi
+
+TARGETS=(llama-cli llama-server)
+
+rm -rf build/CMakeCache.txt build/CMakeFiles 2>/dev/null || true
+
+echo "=== Building llama.cpp for ${BACKEND} ==="
+cmake -B build "${CMAKE_FLAGS[@]}"
+cmake --build build --config Release -j"$(nproc)" --target "${TARGETS[@]}"
+
+for bin in "${TARGETS[@]}"; do
+    if [ ! -f "build/bin/$bin" ]; then
+        echo "FATAL: $bin not found in build/bin/" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    cp "build/bin/$bin" "/install/bin/"
+done
+echo "=== llama.cpp build complete ==="
+ls -la /install/bin/

docker/unified/install-sd.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Install stable-diffusion.cpp - clone, build, and install binaries and library
+# Usage: BACKEND=cuda|vulkan ./install-sd.sh <commit_hash>
+set -e
+
+COMMIT_HASH="${1:-master}"
+BACKEND="${BACKEND:-cuda}"
+
+mkdir -p /install/bin /install/lib
+
+# Clone and checkout (init-based so cache-mounted /src/stable-diffusion.cpp/build dir doesn't break clone)
+echo "=== Cloning stable-diffusion.cpp at ${COMMIT_HASH} ==="
+mkdir -p /src/stable-diffusion.cpp
+cd /src/stable-diffusion.cpp
+if [ ! -d .git ]; then
+    git init
+    git remote add origin https://github.com/leejet/stable-diffusion.cpp.git
+fi
+git fetch --depth=1 origin "${COMMIT_HASH}"
+git checkout FETCH_HEAD
+git submodule update --init --recursive --depth=1
+
+# Common cmake flags
+CMAKE_FLAGS=(
+    -DGGML_NATIVE=OFF
+    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
+    -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
+    -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
+    -DSD_BUILD_EXAMPLES=ON
+)
+
+if [ "$BACKEND" = "cuda" ]; then
+    CMAKE_FLAGS+=(
+        -DGGML_CUDA=ON
+        -DGGML_VULKAN=OFF
+        "-DCMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES:?CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES must be set}"
+        "-DCMAKE_CUDA_FLAGS=-allow-unsupported-compiler"
+        "-DCMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS=-Wl,-rpath-link,/usr/local/cuda/lib64/stubs -lcuda"
+        "-DCMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS=-Wl,-rpath-link,/usr/local/cuda/lib64/stubs -lcuda"
+        -DSD_CUDA=ON
+    )
+elif [ "$BACKEND" = "vulkan" ]; then
+    CMAKE_FLAGS+=(
+        -DGGML_CUDA=OFF
+        -DGGML_VULKAN=ON
+        -DSD_VULKAN=ON
+    )
+fi
+
+TARGETS=(stable-diffusion sd-cli sd-server)
+
+rm -rf build/CMakeCache.txt build/CMakeFiles 2>/dev/null || true
+
+echo "=== Building stable-diffusion.cpp for ${BACKEND} ==="
+cmake -B build "${CMAKE_FLAGS[@]}"
+cmake --build build --config Release -j"$(nproc)" --target "${TARGETS[@]}"
+
+for bin in sd-cli sd-server; do
+    if [ ! -f "build/bin/$bin" ]; then
+        echo "FATAL: $bin not found in build/bin/" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    cp "build/bin/$bin" "/install/bin/"
+done
+find build -name "*.so*" -type f -exec cp {} /install/lib/ \;
+
+echo "=== stable-diffusion.cpp build complete ==="
+ls -la /install/bin/ /install/lib/

docker/unified/install-whisper.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Install whisper.cpp - clone, build, and install binaries
+# Usage: BACKEND=cuda|vulkan ./install-whisper.sh <commit_hash>
+set -e
+
+COMMIT_HASH="${1:-master}"
+BACKEND="${BACKEND:-cuda}"
+
+mkdir -p /install/bin /install/lib
+
+# Clone and checkout (init-based so cache-mounted /src/whisper.cpp/build dir doesn't break clone)
+echo "=== Cloning whisper.cpp at ${COMMIT_HASH} ==="
+mkdir -p /src/whisper.cpp
+cd /src/whisper.cpp
+if [ ! -d .git ]; then
+    git init
+    git remote add origin https://github.com/ggml-org/whisper.cpp.git
+fi
+git fetch --depth=1 origin "${COMMIT_HASH}"
+git checkout FETCH_HEAD
+
+# Common cmake flags
+CMAKE_FLAGS=(
+    -DGGML_NATIVE=OFF
+    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
+    -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
+    -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=ccache
+)
+
+if [ "$BACKEND" = "cuda" ]; then
+    CMAKE_FLAGS+=(
+        -DGGML_CUDA=ON
+        -DGGML_VULKAN=OFF
+        "-DCMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES:?CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES must be set}"
+        "-DCMAKE_CUDA_FLAGS=-allow-unsupported-compiler"
+        "-DCMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS=-Wl,-rpath-link,/usr/local/cuda/lib64/stubs -lcuda"
+        "-DCMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS=-Wl,-rpath-link,/usr/local/cuda/lib64/stubs -lcuda"
+    )
+elif [ "$BACKEND" = "vulkan" ]; then
+    CMAKE_FLAGS+=(
+        -DGGML_CUDA=OFF
+        -DGGML_VULKAN=ON
+    )
+fi
+
+TARGETS=(whisper-cli whisper-server)
+
+rm -rf build/CMakeCache.txt build/CMakeFiles 2>/dev/null || true
+
+echo "=== Building whisper.cpp for ${BACKEND} ==="
+cmake -B build "${CMAKE_FLAGS[@]}"
+cmake --build build --config Release -j"$(nproc)" --target "${TARGETS[@]}"
+
+for bin in "${TARGETS[@]}"; do
+    if [ ! -f "build/bin/$bin" ]; then
+        echo "FATAL: $bin not found in build/bin/" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    cp "build/bin/$bin" "/install/bin/"
+done
+find build -name "*.so*" -type f -exec cp {} /install/lib/ \;
+
+echo "=== whisper.cpp build complete ==="
+ls -la /install/bin/

docs/configuration.md

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ models:
     cmd: llama-server --port ${PORT} -m /path/to/third_model.gguf
 ```
 
-With this configuration models will be hot swapped and loaded on demand. The special `${PORT}` macro provides a unique port per model. Useful if you want to run multiple models at the same time with the `groups` feature.
+With this configuration models will be hot swapped and loaded on demand. The special `${PORT}` macro provides a unique port per model which is useful if you want to run multiple models at the same time with the `matrix` feature.
 
 ## Advanced control with `cmd`
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ llama-swap supports many more features to customize how you want to manage your
 | --------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
 | `ttl`     | automatic unloading of models after a timeout  |
 | `macros`  | reusable snippets to use in configurations     |
-| `groups`  | run multiple models at a time                  |
+| `matrix`  | run multiple models at a time                  |
 | `hooks`   | event driven functionality                     |
 | `env`     | define environment variables per model         |
 | `aliases` | serve a model with different names             |
@@ -141,6 +141,23 @@ logToStdout: "proxy"
 # - useful for limiting memory usage when processing large volumes of metrics
 metricsMaxInMemory: 1000
 
+# captureBuffer: how many MBs to allocate for storing request/response captures
+# - optional, default: 10
+# - set to 0 to disable
+captureBuffer: 15
+
+# performance: configuration for system monitoring statistics
+# - timing values are duration strings like 1s, 1h30m, 90m, 2h10s, etc.
+performance:
+  # disabled: boolean
+  # - default: false
+  enable: true
+
+  # every: delay between polling for new performance statistics
+  # - default: 5s
+  # - minimum duration 5s
+  every: 5s
+
 # startPort: sets the starting port number for the automatic ${PORT} macro.
 # - optional, default: 5800
 # - the ${PORT} macro can be used in model.cmd and model.proxy settings
@@ -161,15 +178,10 @@ sendLoadingState: true
 #   all fields except for Id so chat UIs can use the alias equivalent to the original.
 includeAliasesInList: false
 
-# apiKeys: require an API key when making requests to inference endpoints
-# - optional, default: []
-# - when empty (the default) authorization will not be checked as llama-swap is default-allow
-# - each key is a non-empty string
-apiKeys:
-  - "sk-hunter2"
-  # hint, one liner: printf "sk-%s\n" "$(head -c 48 /dev/urandom | base64 )"
-  - "sk-gyCPiKUcIfPlaM4OSMZekkprgijPx6+OsmQs8Rsg0xZ9qpy6gKWsIKqHOk+cgXVx"
-  - "sk-+QtIn0Zjj4UHjiaZYiZEnru4mrwKM9RzhmJeK5SobNXLl8QMFXxGz1/2lEuvQpkb"
+# globalTTL: the default TTL in seconds before unloading a model
+# - optional, default: 0 (never automatically unload)
+# - must be >= 0
+globalTTL: 0
 
 # macros: a dictionary of string substitutions
 # - optional, default: empty dictionary
@@ -181,11 +193,13 @@ apiKeys:
 # - macro names must not be a reserved name: PORT or MODEL_ID
 # - macro values can be numbers, bools, or strings
 # - macros can contain other macros, but they must be defined before they are used
+# - environment variables can be referenced with ${env.VAR_NAME} syntax
+#   - env macros are substituted first, before regular macros
+#   - if the env var is not set, config loading will fail with an error
 macros:
   # Example of a multi-line macro
   "latest-llama": >
-    /path/to/llama-server/llama-server-ec9e0301
-    --port ${PORT}
+    /path/to/llama-server/llama-server-ec9e0301 --port ${PORT}
 
   "default_ctx": 4096
 
@@ -193,6 +207,24 @@ macros:
   # but they must be previously declared.
   "default_args": "--ctx-size ${default_ctx}"
 
+  # Example of environment variable macros
+  # - ${env.VAR_NAME} pulls the value from the system environment
+  # - useful for paths, secrets, or machine-specific configuration
+  "models_dir": "${env.HOME}/models"
+
+# apiKeys: require an API key when making requests to inference endpoints
+# - optional, default: []
+# - when empty (the default) authorization will not be checked as llama-swap is default-allow
+# - each key is a non-empty string
+apiKeys:
+  - "sk-hunter2"
+  # tip, one liner: printf "sk-%s\n" "$(head -c 48 /dev/urandom | base64 )"
+  - "sk-gyCPiKUcIfPlaM4OSMZekkprgijPx6+OsmQs8Rsg0xZ9qpy6gKWsIKqHOk+cgXVx"
+
+  # use environment variable macros to keep secrets out of the config
+  - "${env.API_KEY_1}"
+  - "${env.API_KEY_2}"
+
 # models: a dictionary of model configurations
 # - required
 # - each key is the model's ID, used in API requests
@@ -201,7 +233,7 @@ macros:
 # - below are examples of the all the settings a model can have
 models:
   # keys are the model names used in API requests
-  "llama":
+  "gpt-oss-120b":
     # macros: a dictionary of string substitutions specific to this model
     # - optional, default: empty dictionary
     # - macros defined here override macros defined in the global macros section
@@ -218,7 +250,7 @@ models:
     cmd: |
       # ${latest-llama} is a macro that is defined above
       ${latest-llama}
-      --model path/to/llama-8B-Q4_K_M.gguf
+      --model path/to/gpt-oss-120B.gguf
       --ctx-size ${default_ctx}
       --temperature ${temp}
 
@@ -226,13 +258,13 @@ models:
     # - optional, default: empty string
     # - if set, it will be used in the v1/models API response
     # - if not set, it will be omitted in the JSON model record
-    name: "llama 3.1 8B"
+    name: "gpt-oss 120B"
 
     # description: a description for the model
     # - optional, default: empty string
     # - if set, it will be used in the v1/models API response
     # - if not set, it will be omitted in the JSON model record
-    description: "A small but capable model used for quick testing"
+    description: "A thinking model from OpenAI"
 
     # env: define an array of environment variables to inject into cmd's environment
     # - optional, default: empty array
@@ -247,14 +279,6 @@ models:
     # - if you use a custom port in cmd this *must* be set
     proxy: http://127.0.0.1:8999
 
-    # aliases: alternative model names that this model configuration is used for
-    # - optional, default: empty array
-    # - aliases must be unique globally
-    # - useful for impersonating a specific model
-    aliases:
-      - "gpt-4o-mini"
-      - "gpt-3.5-turbo"
-
     # checkEndpoint: URL path to check if the server is ready
     # - optional, default: /health
     # - endpoint is expected to return an HTTP 200 response
@@ -263,8 +287,10 @@ models:
     checkEndpoint: /custom-endpoint
 
     # ttl: automatically unload the model after ttl seconds
-    # - optional, default: 0
-    # - ttl values must be a value greater than 0
+    # - optional, default: -1 (use global default)
+    # - ttl values must be a value greater than or equal to 0
+    # - a ttl of -1 will use the global TTL value as the default
+    # - a ttl of 0 will mean never unload
     # - a value of 0 disables automatic unloading of the model
     ttl: 60
 
@@ -272,11 +298,11 @@ models:
     # - optional, default: ""
     # - useful for when the upstream server expects a specific model name that
     #   is different from the model's ID
-    useModelName: "qwen:qwq"
+    useModelName: "openai/gpt-oss-120B"
 
     # filters: a dictionary of filter settings
     # - optional, default: empty dictionary
-    # - only stripParams is currently supported
+    # - same capabilities as peer filters (stripParams, setParams)
     filters:
       # stripParams: a comma separated list of parameters to remove from the request
       # - optional, default: ""
@@ -286,6 +312,43 @@ models:
       # - recommended to stick to sampling parameters
       stripParams: "temperature, top_p, top_k"
 
+      # setParams: a dictionary of parameters to set/override in requests
+      # - optional, default: empty dictionary
+      # - useful for enforcing specific parameter values
+      # - protected params like "model" cannot be overridden
+      # - values can be strings, numbers, booleans, arrays, or objects
+      # - always runs for the model
+      setParams:
+        # Example: enforce specific sampling parameters
+        temperature: 0.7
+        top_p: 0.9
+
+      # setParamsByID: a dictionary of parameters to set based the model ID
+      # - optional, default: empty dictionary
+      # - combine with aliases to create variant behaviour without reloading the model
+      # - parameters are set in the request body JSON
+      # - run after setParams so it will override any settings
+      # - protected params like "model" cannot be overridden
+      # - values can be strings, numbers, booleans, arrays, or objects
+      # - model aliases will be automatically created for each key
+      setParamsByID:
+        "${MODEL_ID}":
+          chat_template_kwargs:
+            reasoning_effort: medium
+        "${MODEL_ID}:high":
+          chat_template_kwargs:
+            reasoning_effort: high
+        "${MODEL_ID}:low":
+          chat_template_kwargs:
+            reasoning_effort: low
+
+    # aliases: alternative model names that this model configuration is used for
+    # - optional, default: empty array
+    # - aliases must be unique globally
+    # - useful for impersonating a specific model
+    aliases:
+      - "gpt-4o-mini"
+
     # metadata: a dictionary of arbitrary values that are included in /v1/models
     # - optional, default: empty dictionary
     # - while metadata can contains complex types it is recommended to keep it simple
@@ -296,7 +359,8 @@ models:
 
       # the ${temp} macro will remain a float
       temperature: ${temp}
-      note: "The ${MODEL_ID} is running on port ${PORT} temp=${temp}, context=${default_ctx}"
+      note: "The ${MODEL_ID} is running on port ${PORT} temp=${temp},
+        context=${default_ctx}"
 
       a_list:
         - 1
@@ -323,6 +387,22 @@ models:
     # - optional, default: undefined (use global setting)
     sendLoadingState: false
 
+    # timeouts: configure proxy connection timeouts for this model
+    # - optional, defaults shown below
+    # - useful for models running on slower hardware that need longer timeouts
+    # - connect: TCP dial connection timeout in seconds, default: 30 seconds
+    # - keepalive: TCP connection keepalive timeout, default: 30 seconds
+    # - responseHeader: time to wait for response headers in seconds, default: 0 (no timeout)
+    # - tlsHandshake: TLS handshake timeout in seconds, default: 10 seconds
+    # - idleConn: idle connection timeout in seconds, default: 90 seconds
+    # - set any value to 0 to disable that timeout (not recommended)
+    timeouts:
+      connect: 30
+      keepalive: 0
+      responseHeader: 60
+      tlsHandshake: 10
+      idleConn: 90
+
   # Unlisted model example:
   "qwen-unlisted":
     # unlisted: boolean, true or false
@@ -354,68 +434,83 @@ models:
     # - processes have 5 seconds to shutdown until forceful termination is attempted
     cmdStop: docker stop ${MODEL_ID}
 
-# groups: a dictionary of group settings
-# - optional, default: empty dictionary
-# - provides advanced controls over model swapping behaviour
-# - using groups some models can be kept loaded indefinitely, while others are swapped out
-# - model IDs must be defined in the Models section
-# - a model can only be a member of one group
-# - group behaviour is controlled via the `swap`, `exclusive` and `persistent` fields
-# - see issue #109 for details
+# =============================================================================
+# matrix: run concurrent models with a solver-based swap DSL
+# =============================================================================
 #
-# NOTE: the example below uses model names that are not defined above for demonstration purposes
-groups:
-  # group1 works the same as the default behaviour of llama-swap where only one model is allowed
-  # to run a time across the whole llama-swap instance
-  "group1":
-    # swap: controls the model swapping behaviour in within the group
-    # - optional, default: true
-    # - true : only one model is allowed to run at a time
-    # - false: all models can run together, no swapping
-    swap: true
+# Note:
+# A config must use either a matrix or legacy groups, not both. A configuration error
+# will occur if both are defined. Configuration examples for legacy Groups can be found:
+# https://github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/blob/40e39f7/config.example.yaml#L334-L396
+#
+# The matrix declares valid combinations of models that can run concurrently.
+# When a model is requested, the solver finds the cheapest way to make it
+# available by evicting as few (and least costly) running models as possible.
+#
+# Solver behavior:
+#   1. Request arrives for model X
+#   2. If X is already running, forward immediately. Done.
+#   3. Find all sets containing X
+#   4. For each candidate set, compute cost: sum of evict_costs for
+#      every running model NOT in that set
+#   5. Pick lowest cost candidate. Ties broken by definition order.
+#   6. Evict what needs to stop. Start X. Forward request.
+#
+# Subset semantics: a set [a, b, c] means any subset is valid.
+# Only the requested model is started — others are not preloaded.
+#
+# A model not appearing in any set can only run alone.
+#
+matrix:
+  # vars: short names for models (alphanumeric, 1-8 chars)
+  # - required for sets and evict_costs settings
+  # - each entry is a short name to a real model ID. Do not use an alias
+  # - used to keep set DSL logic short and easier to read
+  # - sets and evict_costs only use identifiers defined in vars
+  vars:
+    g: gemma-model
+    q: qwen-model
+    m: mistral-model
+    v: voxtral-model
+    e: reranker-model
+    L: llama-70B
+    sd: stable-diffusion
 
-    # exclusive: controls how the group affects other groups
-    # - optional, default: true
-    # - true: causes all other groups to unload when this group runs a model
-    # - false: does not affect other groups
-    exclusive: true
+  # evict_costs: relative cost of losing a running model (default: 1)
+  evict_costs:
+    v: 50 # vllm backend, slow cold start
+    L: 30 # 70B weights, slow to load
 
-    # members references the models defined above
-    # required
-    members:
-      - "llama"
-      - "qwen-unlisted"
+  # sets: named sets of concurrent model combinations
+  # Values are DSL strings with operators:
+  #   &     AND (models run together)
+  #   |     OR  (alternatives)
+  #   ()    grouping
+  #   +ref  inline another set's expression
+  #
+  # Expansion examples:
+  #   "L"                  → [L]
+  #   "a & b"              → [a, b]
+  #   "a | b"              → [a], [b]
+  #   "(a | b) & c"        → [a, c], [b, c]
+  #   "(a | b) & (c | d)"  → [a,c], [a,d], [b,c], [b,d]
+  #   "+llms & v"          → expands llms inline, then applies & v
+  sets:
+    # LLM + TTS: switching between g/q/m won't evict v
+    # expands to: [g,v], [q,v], [m,v]
+    standard: "(g | q | m) & v"
 
-  # Example:
-  # - in group2 all models can run at the same time
-  # - when a different group is loaded it causes all running models in this group to unload
-  "group2":
-    swap: false
+    # LLM + TTS + reranker
+    # expands to: [g,v,e], [q,v,e]
+    with_rerank: "(g | q) & v & e"
 
-    # exclusive: false does not unload other groups when a model in group2 is requested
-    # - the models in group2 will be loaded but will not unload any other groups
-    exclusive: false
-    members:
-      - "docker-llama"
-      - "modelA"
-      - "modelB"
+    # LLM + image generation, no TTS
+    # expands to: [g,sd], [q,sd]
+    creative: "(g | q) & sd"
 
-  # Example:
-  # - a persistent group, prevents other groups from unloading it
-  "forever":
-    # persistent: prevents over groups from unloading the models in this group
-    # - optional, default: false
-    # - does not affect individual model behaviour
-    persistent: true
-
-    # set swap/exclusive to false to prevent swapping inside the group
-    # and the unloading of other groups
-    swap: false
-    exclusive: false
-    members:
-      - "forever-modelA"
-      - "forever-modelB"
-      - "forever-modelc"
+    # 70B model uses all GPUs, can only run alone
+    # expands to: [L]
+    full: "L"
 
 # hooks: a dictionary of event triggers and actions
 # - optional, default: empty dictionary
@@ -456,7 +551,8 @@ peers:
     # - optional, default: ""
     # - if blank, no key will be added to the request
     # - key will be injected into headers: Authorization: Bearer <key> and x-api-key: <key>
-    apiKey: sk-your-openrouter-key
+    # - can be a string or a macro
+    apiKey: ${env.OPENROUTER_API_KEY}
     models:
       - meta-llama/llama-3.1-8b-instruct
       - qwen/qwen3-235b-a22b-2507
@@ -464,4 +560,35 @@ peers:
       - z-ai/glm-4.7
       - moonshotai/kimi-k2-0905
       - minimax/minimax-m2.1
+    # timeouts: configure proxy connection timeouts for this peer
+    # - optional, defaults shown below
+    # - useful when the peer runs on slower hardware
+    # - set any value to 0 to disable that timeout (not recommended)
+    timeouts:
+      connect: 30
+      keepalive: 30
+      responseHeader: 60
+      tlsHandshake: 10
+      idleConn: 90
+
+    # filters: a dictionary of filter settings for peer requests
+    # - optional, default: empty dictionary
+    # - same capabilities as model filters (stripParams, setParams)
+    filters:
+      # stripParams: a comma separated list of parameters to remove from the request
+      # - optional, default: ""
+      # - useful for removing parameters that the peer doesn't support
+      # - the `model` parameter can never be removed
+      stripParams: "temperature, top_p"
+
+      # setParams: a dictionary of parameters to set/override in requests to this peer
+      # - optional, default: empty dictionary
+      # - useful for injecting provider-specific settings like data retention policies
+      # - protected params like "model" cannot be overridden
+      # - values can be strings, numbers, booleans, arrays, or objects
+      setParams:
+        # Example: enforce zero-data-retention for OpenRouter
+        provider:
+          data_collection: "deny"
+          zdr: true
 ```

docs/newrouter-todo.md

@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+# New Router Migration TODO
+
+This document tracks the work needed for [cmd/newrouter/main.go](../cmd/newrouter/main.go) and [internal/router/](../internal/router/) to reach feature parity with the legacy entrypoint at [llama-swap.go](../llama-swap.go) plus [proxy/proxymanager.go](../proxy/proxymanager.go).
+
+The work is split into phases so each can land and be tested independently. Earlier phases unblock later ones.
+
+## Current state (newrouter)
+
+`cmd/newrouter` already supports:
+
+- Loading config via `-config`
+- Selecting Matrix vs Group router based on config
+- Peer routing fallback
+- Plain HTTP listen (`-listen`)
+- Graceful shutdown on `SIGINT` / `SIGTERM`
+- Model extraction from JSON body, query string, and form bodies (see [router.go:88](../internal/router/router.go#L88))
+- `Server.ServeHTTP` dispatches a single request to peer or local router based on the requested model
+
+Everything below is missing or only partially implemented.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 1 — Package relocation -- Completed.
+
+Goal: move shared infrastructure packages out from under `proxy/` so the new router does not depend on the legacy proxy tree. This is a prerequisite for retiring `proxy/` in Phase 8.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 2 — Server lifecycle parity -- Completed.
+
+Goal: make `cmd/newrouter` a drop-in replacement for the legacy binary's process model, _without_ yet adding any extra HTTP endpoints.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 3 — `internal/chain` package -- Completed.
+
+API: `chain.New(mws...).Then(final)` for ServeMux registration; `Append` returns an extended Chain without mutating the receiver, so a base stack (auth/CORS) can be reused across many routes with per-route additions.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 4 — `internal/server` package scaffolding (ProxyManager replacement) -- Completed.
+
+Goal: build the [internal/server](../internal/server/) package so it can stand in for [proxy.ProxyManager](../proxy/proxymanager.go#L67) — the mux, lifecycle, model dispatch, custom endpoints, request filters, auth/CORS, and upstream passthrough. After this phase, `cmd/newrouter/main.go` constructs a `server.Server` instead of a bare `router.Server`.
+
+The legacy `ProxyManager` collapses three concerns into one struct: the HTTP mux, the model→process router, and the cross-cutting services (loggers, metrics, perf, inflight counter, version). The new layout keeps the `router.Router` implementations focused on model dispatch and lets `internal/server.Server` own the mux and all cross-cutting middleware. `server.Server` builds the `local` and `peer` routers directly and dispatches between them itself, so it fully **supersedes `internal/router.Server`** — see the cleanup item below.
+
+The phase is split into sub-phases that can land and be tested independently:
+
+| Sub-phase | Scope                                                                      |
+| --------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| 4a        | package scaffolding — struct, `New`, `ServeHTTP`, `Shutdown`, model routes |
+| 4b        | custom (non-model-dispatched) HTTP endpoints                               |
+| 4c        | request-body filter middleware                                             |
+| 4d        | auth & CORS middleware                                                     |
+| 4e        | upstream passthrough                                                       |
+
+The package is split by concern across stub files already in place:
+
+| File         | Responsibility                                  | Filled in by           |
+| ------------ | ----------------------------------------------- | ---------------------- |
+| `server.go`  | `Server` struct, `New`, `ServeHTTP`, `Shutdown` | 4a                     |
+| `log.go`     | `muxlog` combined logger; `/logs` handlers      | 4a                     |
+| `auth.go`    | `CreateAuthMiddleware`                          | 4d                     |
+| `filters.go` | request-body filter middleware                  | 4c                     |
+| `api.go`     | llama-swap-specific API handlers                | 4b / Phase 5 / Phase 6 |
+| `ui.go`      | embedded UI serving                             | Phase 7                |
+
+### Phase 4a — package scaffolding -- Completed.
+
+`server.Server` owns the mux, the `local`/`peer` routers, `muxlog`, and a
+shutdown context. `New` builds the routers, registers all model-dispatched
+routes on a stdlib `http.ServeMux`, and wraps the mux with the global CORS
+middleware. `localPeerHandler` resolves the model once via `router.FetchModel`
+and dispatches to `local` or `peer`. `Shutdown` stops both routers in parallel
+and is idempotent. `cmd/newrouter/main.go` now constructs `server.New(...)`;
+`internal/router/server.go` and `server_test.go` were removed as dead code.
+
+### Phase 4b — Custom HTTP endpoints -- Completed.
+
+`GET /v1/models` (local + peer models, aliases, metadata), `GET /health`,
+`GET /wol-health`, and `GET /` → `/ui` are registered. `GET /favicon.ico` is
+deferred to Phase 7 since it requires the embedded UI filesystem.
+
+### Phase 4c — Request-body filters -- Completed.
+
+`CreateFilterMiddleware` (in `filters.go`) applies `UseModelName`,
+`StripParams`, `SetParams`, and `SetParamsByID` to JSON requests, then
+re-attaches the body with `Content-Length` / `Transfer-Encoding` cleanup.
+
+### Phase 4d — Auth & CORS -- Completed.
+
+`CreateAuthMiddleware` validates API keys (Bearer / Basic / `x-api-key`) and
+strips the headers before upstream. `CreateCORSMiddleware` answers OPTIONS
+preflight; `/v1/models` echoes the `Origin`.
+
+### Phase 4e — Upstream passthrough -- Completed.
+
+`GET /upstream` → `/ui/models`, and `/upstream/<model>/<path>` proxies to the
+resolved model with multi-segment name resolution, canonical-form redirect
+(301/308), and prefix stripping.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 5 — Operations endpoints -- Completed.
+
+A new `router.LocalRouter` interface embeds `Router` and adds `RunningModels()`
+and `Unload(timeout, models...)`, both implemented once on `baseRouter` so
+`Group` and `Matrix` share them — the legacy matrix/group divergence at
+[proxymanager.go:1167](../proxy/proxymanager.go#L1167) collapses since
+`baseRouter` already unifies process storage. `Peer` does not implement it;
+`Server.local` is typed `LocalRouter`, `Server.peer` stays `Router`.
+
+`GET /unload` stops every local process; `GET /running` lists non-stopped
+processes joined against config for `cmd`/`proxy`/`ttl`/`name`/`description`.
+`startPreload` fires a background `GET /` at each `Hooks.OnStartup.Preload`
+model and emits `shared.ModelPreloadedEvent`.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 6 — Metrics, perf, and SSE -- Completed.
+
+`perf.Monitor` is created and started in `cmd/newrouter/main.go` (it outlives
+config reloads via `UpdateConfig`) and passed into `server.New`. `GET /metrics`
+serves `perf.Monitor.MetricsHandler()` output, 503 when disabled.
+
+`internal/process` emits `shared.ProcessStateChangeEvent` from `setState`.
+`server.inflightCounter` (atomic) + `CreateInflightMiddleware` track
+model-dispatched requests and emit `InFlightRequestsEvent`. `metricsMonitor`
+(in `metrics.go`) parses token usage from upstream responses via
+`CreateMetricsMiddleware`.
+
+The `/api` group (API-key protected) is registered: `POST /api/models/unload`,
+`POST /api/models/unload/{model...}`, `GET /api/events` (SSE: `modelStatus` /
+`logData` / `metrics` / `inflight`), `GET /api/metrics`, `GET /api/performance`
+(`?after=` RFC3339 filter), `GET /api/version`. `GET /api/captures/{id}`
+returns 501 until 6f.
+
+### Phase 6f — Request/response captures -- Completed.
+
+`proxy/cache` moved to `internal/cache`. `metricsMonitor` stores zstd+CBOR
+`ReqRespCapture` records in a sized `cache.Cache` (`captureBuffer` MB, 0
+disables). `CreateMetricsMiddleware` buffers request body/headers before
+dispatch; `record` builds the capture per a `captureFieldsByPath` table
+(`captures.go`) that trims large audio/image payloads, defaulting JSON routes
+to `captureAll`. `GET /api/captures/{id}` decompresses and returns the capture;
+`getMetrics` resolves `HasCapture` against the cache.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 7 — UI serving -- Completed.
+
+`internal/server/ui.go` embeds `ui_dist` and serves it. `GET /ui/` is
+brotli/gzip-aware via `serveCompressedFile`; unknown paths without a file
+extension fall back to `index.html` for SPA routing. `GET /favicon.ico` serves
+from the same embedded FS. The Makefile `ui` target copies the vite build into
+`internal/server/ui_dist`; a committed `placeholder.txt` keeps the embed valid
+before a build runs.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 8a - Review Part I
+
+- [x] All functionality from the proxy package has been migrated in the above phases — with the remaining gaps listed in Phase 8b
+- [x] Test coverage at or exceeds the level from the proxy package — `internal/server` now at 76.6% vs 73.9% (`proxy`)
+
+### Findings
+
+**Gap 1 — Request logging middleware missing -- Resolved.**
+
+`CreateRequestLogMiddleware` ([log.go](../internal/server/log.go)) records one
+access-log line per request to `s.proxylog` in the legacy format
+`clientIP "METHOD PATH PROTO" status bodySize "UA" duration`, skipping
+`/wol-health`, `/api/performance`, and `/metrics`. A `statusRecorder` captures
+the status/body size (forwarding `Flush` for SSE) and `clientIP` honours
+`X-Forwarded-For` / `X-Real-IP`. It is wired as the outermost middleware in
+`routes()`, wrapping the CORS layer.
+
+**Gap 2 — Per-model log streaming not supported -- Resolved **
+
+`Server.getLogger` ([log.go:50](../internal/server/log.go#L50)) only handles `""`, `"proxy"`, and `"upstream"`. The legacy `ProxyManager.getLogger` ([proxymanager_loghandlers.go:92](../proxy/proxymanager_loghandlers.go#L92)) additionally resolves a model ID against the active process groups / matrix and returns that process's logger. Callers of `GET /logs/stream/<modelID>` will get a 400 instead of the model's live log stream.
+
+**Gap 3 — `UseModelName` not applied to multipart form endpoints -- Resolved.**
+
+`CreateFormFilterMiddleware` ([filters.go](../internal/server/filters.go)) parses
+`multipart/form-data` requests, rewrites the `model` field with `UseModelName`,
+reconstructs the body via `rewriteMultipartModel`, and re-attaches it with
+`Content-Type` / `Content-Length` cleanup. It runs in `modelChain` after the
+JSON `filterMW`; each is a no-op for the other's Content-Type. Audio
+transcription (`/v1/audio/transcriptions`) and image edit (`/v1/images/edits`)
+now honour `use_model_name`.
+
+**Coverage gaps (0 % functions) -- Resolved.**
+
+The functions previously at 0 % (`handleListModels`, `handleMetrics`,
+`handleRootRedirect`, `handleUpstreamRedirect`, `handleUpstream`,
+`findModelInPath`, `handleAPICapture`, `handleAPIUnloadAll`,
+`handleAPIUnloadModel`, `CreateAuthMiddleware`, `extractAPIKey`,
+`handleLogStream`, `applyFilters`, `decompressBody`, `filterAcceptEncoding`,
+`handleUI`, `handleFavicon`) now have tests across `auth_test.go`, `api_test.go`,
+`filters_test.go`, `log_test.go`, and `extras_test.go`.
+
+---
+
+### Phase 8b - Fill gaps discovered in Phase 8a
+
+- [x] **Add request-log middleware** — `CreateRequestLogMiddleware` ([log.go](../internal/server/log.go)) records `clientIP "METHOD PATH PROTO" status bodySize "UA" duration` to `s.proxylog`, skips `/wol-health` / `/api/performance` / `/metrics`, and is wired as the outermost middleware in `routes()`.
+- [x] **Extend `getLogger` with model-ID resolution** — add a `default:` branch to `Server.getLogger` ([log.go:50](../internal/server/log.go#L50)) that resolves the ID via `s.local` (using a new `LocalRouter.GetProcess(name)` method or equivalent) and returns that process's `Logger()`. Match the fallback behaviour: return a 400 with `"invalid logger. Use 'proxy', 'upstream' or a model's ID"` when not found.
+- [x] **`UseModelName` rewrite for multipart endpoints** — `CreateFormFilterMiddleware` parses `multipart/form-data`, rewrites the `model` field according to `UseModelName`, reconstructs the body, and updates `Content-Type` / `Content-Length`. It is wired into `modelChain` after the JSON filter.
+- [x] **Raise test coverage to ≥ 74 %** — `internal/server` now at 76.1%; tests added for every 0 % function across `auth_test.go`, `api_test.go`, `filters_test.go`, `log_test.go`, and `extras_test.go`.
+
+---
+
+## Phase 8c - Review Part II (entrypoint comparison)
+
+A second pass comparing [cmd/newrouter/main.go](../cmd/newrouter/main.go) against
+the legacy [llama-swap.go](../llama-swap.go) + [proxy.New](../proxy/proxymanager.go#L104)
+surfaced four more gaps, all in logger setup.
+
+**Gap 4 — `LogToStdout` config ignored -- Resolved.**
+
+`cmd/newrouter/main.go` previously hardcoded `proxyLog` / `upstreamLog` to
+`os.Stdout`, and the old `muxlog()` helper built a Monitor that nothing wrote
+into — so `logToStdout` had no effect and `/logs` (combined history) was always
+empty. `server.NewLoggers` ([log.go](../internal/server/log.go)) now replicates
+the legacy switch: `proxy` / `upstream` monitors feed `muxLog` (or `io.Discard`)
+per `none` / `both` / `upstream` / `proxy`, so `muxLog` accumulates the combined
+history. `server.New` takes `muxlog` as a parameter. The loggers outlive config
+reloads, so a `LogToStdout` change requires a restart to take effect.
+
+**Gap 5 — `LogTimeFormat` config ignored -- Resolved.**
+
+`cmd/newrouter/main.go` now maps `cfg.LogTimeFormat` to a Go time layout via the
+`logTimeFormats` table and applies it (alongside log level) to the proxy and
+upstream monitors in `applyLogSettings`, re-applied on config reload.
+
+**Gap 6 — `LogRequests` deprecation warning missing.**
+
+The legacy [proxymanager.go:127](../proxy/proxymanager.go#L127) warns when the
+deprecated `logRequests` config key is set. `cmd/newrouter` does not. Low
+priority — left open.
+
+**Gap 7 — PID debug log missing -- Resolved.**
+
+`cmd/newrouter/main.go` now logs `PID: %d` at debug level after `applyLogSettings`,
+matching [llama-swap.go:71](../llama-swap.go#L71).
+
+---
+
+## Phase X (tbd) — Cutover
+
+- [ ] Swap `llama-swap.go` to delegate to `cmd/newrouter` (or rename newrouter to be the primary entrypoint)
+- [ ] Update `Makefile` build targets
+- [ ] Update docs / README references to the legacy binary
+- [ ] Remove `proxy/proxymanager*.go` and `gin-gonic` dependency once nothing imports them
+- [ ] Run `make test-all` and confirm concurrency suite still passes against the new entrypoint
+
+---
+
+## Cross-cutting concerns to keep in mind
+
+- **Single body read**: legacy and newrouter both buffer the request body once. When adding filters (Phase 4c), make sure the buffered bytes flow through `Content-Length` / `transfer-encoding` cleanup as in [proxymanager.go:872](../proxy/proxymanager.go#L872).
+- **Streaming flag in context**: legacy stashes `streaming` and `model` under `proxyCtxKey`. The new router uses `ModelKey` / `ModelIDKey` — pick one set of keys and use them consistently for metrics + log handlers.
+- **Matrix vs Group divergence**: any handler that calls `swapProcessGroup` or `findGroupByModelName` in the legacy needs a matrix branch too. The new router's `Router` interface already abstracts this — preserve that abstraction rather than reintroducing the branch in every handler.
+- **Shutdown ordering**: `httpServer.Shutdown` must drain inflight requests _before_ `Server.Shutdown` tears down processes, otherwise inflight requests 502. Current newrouter ordering at [main.go:87](../cmd/newrouter/main.go#L87) is correct — keep it.

go.mod

@@ -1,25 +1,44 @@
 module github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap
 
-go 1.25.4
+go 1.26.1
 
 require (
 	github.com/billziss-gh/golib v0.2.0
-	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.9.0
+	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles v1.0.0
+	github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea v1.3.10
+	github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss v1.1.0
+	github.com/fxamacker/cbor/v2 v2.9.1
 	github.com/gin-gonic/gin v1.10.0
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
+	github.com/google/jsonschema-go v0.4.3
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.5
+	github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4 v4.26.4
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
 	github.com/tidwall/gjson v1.18.0
 	github.com/tidwall/sjson v1.2.5
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.41.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 )
 
 require (
+	github.com/aymanbagabas/go-osc52/v2 v2.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.11.6 // indirect
 	github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/charmbracelet/colorprofile v0.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/charmbracelet/x/ansi v0.11.6 // indirect
+	github.com/charmbracelet/x/cellbuf v0.0.15 // indirect
+	github.com/charmbracelet/x/term v0.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/clipperhouse/displaywidth v0.9.0 // indirect
+	github.com/clipperhouse/stringish v0.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/clipperhouse/uax29/v2 v2.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cloudwego/base64x v0.1.4 // indirect
 	github.com/cloudwego/iasm v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/ebitengine/purego v0.10.0 // indirect
+	github.com/erikgeiser/coninput v0.0.0-20211004153227-1c3628e74d0f // indirect
 	github.com/gabriel-vasile/mimetype v1.4.3 // indirect
 	github.com/gin-contrib/sse v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.2.6 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.20.0 // indirect
@@ -27,19 +46,32 @@ require (
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.7 // indirect
 	github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/lucasb-eyer/go-colorful v1.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/lufia/plan9stats v0.0.0-20211012122336-39d0f177ccd0 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-localereader v0.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.19 // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/muesli/ansi v0.0.0-20230316100256-276c6243b2f6 // indirect
+	github.com/muesli/cancelreader v0.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/muesli/termenv v0.16.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/power-devops/perfstat v0.0.0-20240221224432-82ca36839d55 // indirect
+	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.7 // indirect
 	github.com/tidwall/match v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/tidwall/pretty v1.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.16 // indirect
+	github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.11.0 // indirect
 	github.com/twitchyliquid64/golang-asm v0.15.1 // indirect
 	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.2.12 // indirect
+	github.com/x448/float16 v0.8.4 // indirect
+	github.com/xo/terminfo v0.0.0-20220910002029-abceb7e1c41e // indirect
+	github.com/yusufpapurcu/wmi v1.2.4 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/arch v0.8.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.45.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/net v0.47.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/text v0.31.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.1 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,9 +1,31 @@
+github.com/aymanbagabas/go-osc52/v2 v2.0.1 h1:HwpRHbFMcZLEVr42D4p7XBqjyuxQH5SMiErDT4WkJ2k=
+github.com/aymanbagabas/go-osc52/v2 v2.0.1/go.mod h1:uYgXzlJ7ZpABp8OJ+exZzJJhRNQ2ASbcXHWsFqH8hp8=
 github.com/billziss-gh/golib v0.2.0 h1:NyvcAQdfvM8xokKkKotiligKjKXzuQD4PPykg1nKc/8=
 github.com/billziss-gh/golib v0.2.0/go.mod h1:mZpUYANXZkDKSnyYbX9gfnyxwe0ddRhUtfXcsD5r8dw=
 github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.11.6 h1:oUp34TzMlL+OY1OUWxHqsdkgC/Zfc85zGqw9siXjrc0=
 github.com/bytedance/sonic v1.11.6/go.mod h1:LysEHSvpvDySVdC2f87zGWf6CIKJcAvqab1ZaiQtds4=
 github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.1.1 h1:c+e5Pt1k/cy5wMveRDyk2X4B9hF4g7an8N3zCYjJFNM=
 github.com/bytedance/sonic/loader v0.1.1/go.mod h1:ncP89zfokxS5LZrJxl5z0UJcsk4M4yY2JpfqGeCtNLU=
+github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles v1.0.0 h1:12J8/ak/uCZEMQ6KU7pcfwceyjLlWsDLAxB5fXonfvc=
+github.com/charmbracelet/bubbles v1.0.0/go.mod h1:9d/Zd5GdnauMI5ivUIVisuEm3ave1XwXtD1ckyV6r3E=
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+golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20231006140011-7918f672742d h1:jtJma62tbqLibJ5sFQz8bKtEM8rJBtfilJ2qTU199MI=
+golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20231006140011-7918f672742d/go.mod h1:ldy0pHrwJyGW56pPQzzkH36rKxoZW1tw7ZJpeKx+hdo=
 golang.org/x/net v0.47.0 h1:Mx+4dIFzqraBXUugkia1OOvlD6LemFo1ALMHjrXDOhY=
 golang.org/x/net v0.47.0/go.mod h1:/jNxtkgq5yWUGYkaZGqo27cfGZ1c5Nen03aYrrKpVRU=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0 h1:e0PTpb7pjO8GAtTs2dQ6jYa5BWYlMuX047Dco/pItO4=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0/go.mod h1:9xrNwdLfx4jkKbNva9FpL6vEN7evnE43NNNJQ2LF3+0=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190916202348-b4ddaad3f8a3/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201204225414-ed752295db88/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210809222454-d867a43fc93e/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.5.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0 h1:3yZWxaJjBmCWXqhN1qh02AkOnCQ1poK6oF+a7xWL6Gc=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.41.0 h1:Ivj+2Cp/ylzLiEU89QhWblYnOE9zerudt9Ftecq2C6k=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.41.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
 golang.org/x/text v0.31.0 h1:aC8ghyu4JhP8VojJ2lEHBnochRno1sgL6nEi9WGFGMM=
 golang.org/x/text v0.31.0/go.mod h1:tKRAlv61yKIjGGHX/4tP1LTbc13YSec1pxVEWXzfoeM=
-golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543 h1:E7g+9GITq07hpfrRu66IVDexMakfv52eLZ2CXBWiKr4=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.1 h1:9ddQBjfCyZPOHPUiPxpYESBLc+T8P3E+Vo4IbKZgFWg=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.1/go.mod h1:c6P6GXX6sHbq/GpV6MGZEdwhWPcYBgnhAHhKbcUYpos=

internal/cache/cache.go

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrExceedsMaxSize = errors.New("item exceeds maximum cache size")
+	ErrNotFound       = errors.New("item not found")
+)
+
+type Cache struct {
+	mu      sync.Mutex
+	items   map[int][]byte
+	order   []int
+	size    int
+	maxSize int
+}
+
+func New(maxBytes int) *Cache {
+	return &Cache{
+		items:   make(map[int][]byte),
+		order:   make([]int, 0),
+		maxSize: maxBytes,
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Cache) Add(id int, data []byte) error {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	dataSize := len(data)
+	if dataSize > c.maxSize {
+		return ErrExceedsMaxSize
+	}
+
+	// If key already exists, remove old entry from size and order
+	if old, exists := c.items[id]; exists {
+		c.size -= len(old)
+		c.removeOrder(id)
+	}
+
+	// Evict oldest (FIFO) until room available
+	for c.size+dataSize > c.maxSize && len(c.order) > 0 {
+		oldestID := c.order[0]
+		c.order = c.order[1:]
+		if evicted, exists := c.items[oldestID]; exists {
+			c.size -= len(evicted)
+			delete(c.items, oldestID)
+		}
+	}
+
+	c.items[id] = data
+	c.order = append(c.order, id)
+	c.size += dataSize
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *Cache) removeOrder(id int) {
+	for i, v := range c.order {
+		if v == id {
+			c.order = append(c.order[:i], c.order[i+1:]...)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Cache) Get(id int) ([]byte, error) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	data, exists := c.items[id]
+	if !exists {
+		return nil, ErrNotFound
+	}
+	return data, nil
+}
+
+func (c *Cache) Has(id int) bool {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	_, exists := c.items[id]
+	return exists
+}
+
+func (c *Cache) Size() int {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return c.size
+}
+
+func (c *Cache) Clear() {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	c.items = make(map[int][]byte)
+	c.order = c.order[:0]
+	c.size = 0
+}

internal/cache/cache_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestCache_Add(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("adds and retrieves item", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := New(1024)
+		data := []byte("hello")
+		require.NoError(t, c.Add(1, data))
+
+		got, err := c.Get(1)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, data, got)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("returns error for oversized item", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := New(10)
+		err := c.Add(1, make([]byte, 20))
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrExceedsMaxSize)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("evicts oldest items to make room", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := New(100)
+
+		require.NoError(t, c.Add(1, make([]byte, 40)))
+		require.NoError(t, c.Add(2, make([]byte, 40)))
+		// Adding item 3 should evict item 1
+		require.NoError(t, c.Add(3, make([]byte, 40)))
+
+		assert.False(t, c.Has(1))
+		assert.True(t, c.Has(2))
+		assert.True(t, c.Has(3))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("overwrites existing key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := New(100)
+		require.NoError(t, c.Add(1, []byte("old")))
+		require.NoError(t, c.Add(1, []byte("new")))
+
+		got, err := c.Get(1)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []byte("new"), got)
+		assert.Equal(t, 3, c.Size())
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCache_Get(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("returns ErrNotFound for missing key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := New(100)
+		_, err := c.Get(99)
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrNotFound)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCache_Has(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("returns true for existing key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := New(100)
+		require.NoError(t, c.Add(1, []byte("data")))
+		assert.True(t, c.Has(1))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("returns false for missing key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := New(100)
+		assert.False(t, c.Has(1))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCache_Size(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("tracks byte usage", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := New(1000)
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, c.Size())
+
+		require.NoError(t, c.Add(1, make([]byte, 100)))
+		assert.Equal(t, 100, c.Size())
+
+		require.NoError(t, c.Add(2, make([]byte, 200)))
+		assert.Equal(t, 300, c.Size())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("updates on eviction", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := New(150)
+		require.NoError(t, c.Add(1, make([]byte, 100)))
+		require.NoError(t, c.Add(2, make([]byte, 100)))
+
+		// Item 1 should be evicted, size = 100
+		assert.Equal(t, 100, c.Size())
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCache_Clear(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("removes all items and resets size", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := New(1000)
+		require.NoError(t, c.Add(1, []byte("a")))
+		require.NoError(t, c.Add(2, []byte("b")))
+
+		c.Clear()
+
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, c.Size())
+		assert.False(t, c.Has(1))
+		assert.False(t, c.Has(2))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCache_Concurrent(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("concurrent operations are safe", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := New(10000)
+
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+			wg.Add(1)
+			go func(id int) {
+				defer wg.Done()
+				for j := 0; j < 100; j++ {
+					key := id*100 + j
+					_ = c.Add(key, []byte("data"))
+					_, _ = c.Get(key)
+					_ = c.Has(key)
+					_ = c.Size()
+				}
+			}(i)
+		}
+		wg.Wait()
+	})
+}

internal/chain/chain.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Package chain composes http.Handler middleware into a single handler.
+//
+// A Middleware wraps a downstream http.Handler and may run logic before or
+// after delegating to it, or short-circuit by not calling next at all
+// (e.g. auth failure, CORS preflight).
+package chain
+
+import "net/http"
+
+// Middleware wraps an http.Handler with cross-cutting behavior. It receives
+// the next handler in the chain and returns a handler that may call next,
+// modify the request/response around it, or short-circuit.
+type Middleware func(next http.Handler) http.Handler
+
+// Chain is a reusable middleware stack. Build it once with New (and optionally
+// extend per-route with Append), then call Then to wrap each terminal handler
+// when registering routes against an http.ServeMux:
+//
+//	api := chain.New(authMW, corsMW)
+//	mux.Handle("/v1/chat/completions", api.Then(dispatch))
+//	mux.Handle("/v1/embeddings",       api.Append(filters).Then(dispatch))
+//
+// Middlewares execute left-to-right: mws[0] runs first and may call into
+// mws[1], and so on, with the terminal handler invoked last. A middleware
+// that does not call next short-circuits the remainder of the chain.
+// A zero Chain is valid and applies no middleware.
+type Chain struct {
+	mws []Middleware
+}
+
+// New returns a Chain that applies mws left-to-right around any terminal
+// handler passed to Then.
+func New(mws ...Middleware) Chain {
+	cp := make([]Middleware, len(mws))
+	copy(cp, mws)
+	return Chain{mws: cp}
+}
+
+// Append returns a new Chain with mws added after the existing middleware.
+// The receiver is not modified, so a base Chain can be safely reused across
+// multiple routes that each need different per-route additions.
+func (c Chain) Append(mws ...Middleware) Chain {
+	out := make([]Middleware, 0, len(c.mws)+len(mws))
+	out = append(out, c.mws...)
+	out = append(out, mws...)
+	return Chain{mws: out}
+}
+
+// Then wraps final with the chain's middleware and returns the resulting
+// handler, suitable for passing to http.ServeMux.Handle. With an empty chain,
+// Then returns final unchanged.
+func (c Chain) Then(final http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	h := final
+	for i := len(c.mws) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		h = c.mws[i](h)
+	}
+	return h
+}
+
+// ThenFunc is shorthand for Then(http.HandlerFunc(f)).
+func (c Chain) ThenFunc(f http.HandlerFunc) http.Handler {
+	return c.Then(f)
+}

internal/chain/chain_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+package chain
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// recordingMiddleware appends tag before calling next and "-after-"+tag after.
+func recordingMiddleware(tag string, log *[]string) Middleware {
+	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+		return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			*log = append(*log, tag)
+			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+			*log = append(*log, "after-"+tag)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestChain_HandlersExecuteInDeclaredOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	var log []string
+	final := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		log = append(log, "final")
+	})
+
+	h := New(
+		recordingMiddleware("a", &log),
+		recordingMiddleware("b", &log),
+		recordingMiddleware("c", &log),
+	).Then(final)
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	h.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	want := []string{"a", "b", "c", "final", "after-c", "after-b", "after-a"}
+	if !equal(log, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("execution order mismatch:\n got: %v\nwant: %v", log, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestChain_ShortCircuitsWhenMiddlewareDoesNotCallNext(t *testing.T) {
+	var log []string
+	final := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		log = append(log, "final")
+	})
+
+	gate := func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+		return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			log = append(log, "gate")
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
+		})
+	}
+
+	h := New(
+		recordingMiddleware("outer", &log),
+		gate,
+		recordingMiddleware("inner", &log),
+	).Then(final)
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+	h.ServeHTTP(rec, req)
+
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusUnauthorized {
+		t.Fatalf("status: got %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusUnauthorized)
+	}
+	want := []string{"outer", "gate", "after-outer"}
+	if !equal(log, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("short-circuit order mismatch:\n got: %v\nwant: %v", log, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestChain_EarlyWritesAreVisibleToLaterMiddleware(t *testing.T) {
+	header := func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+		return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			w.Header().Set("X-Set-By", "outer")
+			_, _ = io.WriteString(w, "outer:")
+			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+		})
+	}
+	inner := func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+		return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			// The outer middleware already set the header; we should see it.
+			if got := w.Header().Get("X-Set-By"); got != "outer" {
+				_, _ = io.WriteString(w, "missing-header;")
+			}
+			_, _ = io.WriteString(w, "inner:")
+			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+		})
+	}
+	final := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		_, _ = io.WriteString(w, "final")
+	})
+
+	h := New(header, inner).Then(final)
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	h.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil))
+
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(rec.Body)
+	if got := string(body); !strings.Contains(got, "outer:inner:final") {
+		t.Fatalf("body: got %q, want it to contain %q", got, "outer:inner:final")
+	}
+	if got := rec.Header().Get("X-Set-By"); got != "outer" {
+		t.Fatalf("header X-Set-By: got %q, want %q", got, "outer")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestChain_ReusableAcrossRoutesViaThen(t *testing.T) {
+	var log []string
+	base := New(
+		recordingMiddleware("auth", &log),
+		recordingMiddleware("cors", &log),
+	)
+
+	mux := http.NewServeMux()
+	mux.Handle("/a", base.ThenFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		log = append(log, "handler-a")
+	}))
+	mux.Handle("/b", base.ThenFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		log = append(log, "handler-b")
+	}))
+
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(mux)
+	defer srv.Close()
+
+	for _, path := range []string{"/a", "/b"} {
+		resp, err := http.Get(srv.URL + path)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("GET %s: %v", path, err)
+		}
+		resp.Body.Close()
+	}
+
+	want := []string{
+		"auth", "cors", "handler-a", "after-cors", "after-auth",
+		"auth", "cors", "handler-b", "after-cors", "after-auth",
+	}
+	if !equal(log, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("reusable chain order mismatch:\n got: %v\nwant: %v", log, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestChain_AppendDoesNotMutateReceiver(t *testing.T) {
+	var log []string
+	base := New(recordingMiddleware("base", &log))
+	extended := base.Append(recordingMiddleware("extra", &log))
+
+	final := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		log = append(log, "final")
+	})
+
+	// Run extended first to surface any aliasing of the underlying slice.
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	extended.Then(final).ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil))
+
+	rec = httptest.NewRecorder()
+	base.Then(final).ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil))
+
+	want := []string{
+		"base", "extra", "final", "after-extra", "after-base",
+		"base", "final", "after-base",
+	}
+	if !equal(log, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("Append must not mutate the receiver:\n got: %v\nwant: %v", log, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestChain_ZeroValueAndEmptyThenAreIdentity(t *testing.T) {
+	final := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusTeapot)
+	})
+
+	for name, c := range map[string]Chain{
+		"zero":  {},
+		"empty": New(),
+	} {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			h := c.Then(final)
+			if _, ok := h.(http.HandlerFunc); !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("expected http.HandlerFunc identity, got %T", h)
+			}
+			rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+			h.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil))
+			if rec.Code != http.StatusTeapot {
+				t.Fatalf("status: got %d, want %d", rec.Code, http.StatusTeapot)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func equal(a, b []string) bool {
+	if len(a) != len(b) {
+		return false
+	}
+	for i := range a {
+		if a[i] != b[i] {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}

internal/config/commands.go

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/billziss-gh/golib/shlex"
+)
+
+func SanitizeCommand(cmdStr string) ([]string, error) {
+	var cleanedLines []string
+	for _, line := range strings.Split(cmdStr, "\n") {
+		trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(line)
+		// Skip comment lines
+		if strings.HasPrefix(trimmed, "#") {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Handle trailing backslashes by replacing with space
+		if strings.HasSuffix(trimmed, "\\") {
+			cleanedLines = append(cleanedLines, strings.TrimSuffix(trimmed, "\\")+" ")
+		} else {
+			cleanedLines = append(cleanedLines, line)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// put it back together
+	cmdStr = strings.Join(cleanedLines, "\n")
+
+	// Split the command into arguments
+	var args []string
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		args = shlex.Windows.Split(cmdStr)
+	} else {
+		args = shlex.Posix.Split(cmdStr)
+	}
+
+	// Ensure the command is not empty
+	if len(args) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("empty command")
+	}
+
+	return args, nil
+}
+
+func StripComments(cmdStr string) string {
+	var cleanedLines []string
+	for _, line := range strings.Split(cmdStr, "\n") {
+		trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(line)
+		// Skip comment lines
+		if strings.HasPrefix(trimmed, "#") {
+			continue
+		}
+		cleanedLines = append(cleanedLines, line)
+	}
+	return strings.Join(cleanedLines, "\n")
+}

internal/config/config.go

@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"sort"
+
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+const DEFAULT_GROUP_ID = "(default)"
+const (
+	LogToStdoutProxy    = "proxy"
+	LogToStdoutUpstream = "upstream"
+	LogToStdoutBoth     = "both"
+	LogToStdoutNone     = "none"
+)
+
+type MacroEntry struct {
+	Name  string
+	Value any
+}
+
+type MacroList []MacroEntry
+
+// UnmarshalYAML implements custom YAML unmarshaling that preserves macro definition order
+func (ml *MacroList) UnmarshalYAML(value *yaml.Node) error {
+	if value.Kind != yaml.MappingNode {
+		return fmt.Errorf("macros must be a mapping")
+	}
+
+	// yaml.Node.Content for a mapping contains alternating key/value nodes
+	entries := make([]MacroEntry, 0, len(value.Content)/2)
+	for i := 0; i < len(value.Content); i += 2 {
+		keyNode := value.Content[i]
+		valueNode := value.Content[i+1]
+
+		var name string
+		if err := keyNode.Decode(&name); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode macro name: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		var val any
+		if err := valueNode.Decode(&val); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode macro value for '%s': %w", name, err)
+		}
+
+		entries = append(entries, MacroEntry{Name: name, Value: val})
+	}
+
+	*ml = entries
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Get retrieves a macro value by name
+func (ml MacroList) Get(name string) (any, bool) {
+	for _, entry := range ml {
+		if entry.Name == name {
+			return entry.Value, true
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, false
+}
+
+// ToMap converts MacroList to a map (for backward compatibility if needed)
+func (ml MacroList) ToMap() map[string]any {
+	result := make(map[string]any, len(ml))
+	for _, entry := range ml {
+		result[entry.Name] = entry.Value
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+type GroupConfig struct {
+	Swap       bool     `yaml:"swap"`
+	Exclusive  bool     `yaml:"exclusive"`
+	Persistent bool     `yaml:"persistent"`
+	Members    []string `yaml:"members"`
+}
+
+// set default values for GroupConfig
+func (c *GroupConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
+	type rawGroupConfig GroupConfig
+	defaults := rawGroupConfig{
+		Swap:       true,
+		Exclusive:  true,
+		Persistent: false,
+		Members:    []string{},
+	}
+
+	if err := unmarshal(&defaults); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	*c = GroupConfig(defaults)
+	return nil
+}
+
+type HooksConfig struct {
+	OnStartup HookOnStartup `yaml:"on_startup"`
+}
+
+type HookOnStartup struct {
+	Preload []string `yaml:"preload"`
+}
+
+type Config struct {
+	HealthCheckTimeout int                    `yaml:"healthCheckTimeout"`
+	LogRequests        bool                   `yaml:"logRequests"`
+	LogLevel           string                 `yaml:"logLevel"`
+	LogTimeFormat      string                 `yaml:"logTimeFormat"`
+	LogToStdout        string                 `yaml:"logToStdout"`
+	MetricsMaxInMemory int                    `yaml:"metricsMaxInMemory"`
+	CaptureBuffer      int                    `yaml:"captureBuffer"`
+	Performance        PerformanceConfig      `yaml:"performance"`
+	GlobalTTL          int                    `yaml:"globalTTL"`
+	Models             map[string]ModelConfig `yaml:"models"` /* key is model ID */
+	Profiles           map[string][]string    `yaml:"profiles"`
+
+	// routing is the canonical source for swap/scheduling configuration.
+	// New code must read Routing, never the backwards-compat fields below.
+	Routing RoutingConfig `yaml:"routing"`
+
+	// Groups and Matrix are permanent backwards-compat input fields for the
+	// legacy top-level `groups:`/`matrix:` keys. They are normalized into
+	// Routing by LoadConfigFromReader. New code must not read them directly.
+	Groups map[string]GroupConfig `yaml:"groups"` /* key is group ID */
+	Matrix *MatrixConfig          `yaml:"matrix"`
+
+	// for key/value replacements in model's cmd, cmdStop, proxy, checkEndPoint
+	Macros MacroList `yaml:"macros"`
+
+	// map aliases to actual model IDs
+	aliases map[string]string
+
+	// automatic port assignments
+	StartPort int `yaml:"startPort"`
+
+	// hooks, see: #209
+	Hooks HooksConfig `yaml:"hooks"`
+
+	// send loading state in reasoning
+	SendLoadingState bool `yaml:"sendLoadingState"`
+
+	// present aliases to /v1/models OpenAI API listing
+	IncludeAliasesInList bool `yaml:"includeAliasesInList"`
+
+	// support API keys, see issue #433, #50, #251
+	RequiredAPIKeys []string `yaml:"apiKeys"`
+
+	// support remote peers, see issue #433, #296
+	Peers PeerDictionaryConfig `yaml:"peers"`
+
+	// upstream controls behaviour of the /upstream passthrough endpoint
+	Upstream UpstreamConfig `yaml:"upstream"`
+}
+
+// RoutingConfig is the canonical, normalized routing/scheduling configuration.
+type RoutingConfig struct {
+	Scheduler SchedulerConfig `yaml:"scheduler"`
+	Router    RouterConfig    `yaml:"router"`
+}
+
+type SchedulerConfig struct {
+	Use      string            `yaml:"use"` // default "fifo"
+	Settings SchedulerSettings `yaml:"settings"`
+}
+
+type SchedulerSettings struct {
+	Fifo FifoConfig `yaml:"fifo"`
+}
+
+type FifoConfig struct {
+	Priority map[string]int `yaml:"priority"` // model ID -> priority, default 0
+}
+
+type RouterConfig struct {
+	Use      string         `yaml:"use"` // "group" (default) | "matrix"
+	Settings RouterSettings `yaml:"settings"`
+}
+
+type RouterSettings struct {
+	Groups map[string]GroupConfig `yaml:"groups"`
+	Matrix *MatrixConfig          `yaml:"matrix"`
+}
+
+func (c *Config) RealModelName(search string) (string, bool) {
+	if _, found := c.Models[search]; found {
+		return search, true
+	} else if name, found := c.aliases[search]; found {
+		return name, found
+	} else {
+		return "", false
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Config) FindConfig(modelName string) (ModelConfig, string, bool) {
+	if realName, found := c.RealModelName(modelName); !found {
+		return ModelConfig{}, "", false
+	} else {
+		return c.Models[realName], realName, true
+	}
+}
+
+func LoadConfig(path string) (Config, error) {
+	file, err := os.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Config{}, err
+	}
+	defer file.Close()
+	return LoadConfigFromReader(file)
+}
+
+// rewrites the yaml to include a default group with any orphaned models
+func AddDefaultGroupToConfig(config Config) Config {
+
+	if config.Groups == nil {
+		config.Groups = make(map[string]GroupConfig)
+	}
+
+	defaultGroup := GroupConfig{
+		Swap:      true,
+		Exclusive: true,
+		Members:   []string{},
+	}
+	// if groups is empty, create a default group and put
+	// all models into it
+	if len(config.Groups) == 0 {
+		for modelName := range config.Models {
+			defaultGroup.Members = append(defaultGroup.Members, modelName)
+		}
+	} else {
+		// iterate over existing group members and add non-grouped models into the default group
+		for modelName := range config.Models {
+			foundModel := false
+		found:
+			// search for the model in existing groups
+			for _, groupConfig := range config.Groups {
+				for _, member := range groupConfig.Members {
+					if member == modelName {
+						foundModel = true
+						break found
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if !foundModel {
+				defaultGroup.Members = append(defaultGroup.Members, modelName)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	sort.Strings(defaultGroup.Members) // make consistent ordering for testing
+	config.Groups[DEFAULT_GROUP_ID] = defaultGroup
+
+	return config
+}

internal/config/config_posix_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
@@ -163,6 +164,34 @@ groups:
 
 	modelLoadingState := false
 
+	defaultTimeout := TimeoutsConfig{
+		Connect:        30,
+		KeepAlive:      30,
+		ResponseHeader: 0,
+		TLSHandshake:   10,
+		ExpectContinue: 1,
+		IdleConn:       90,
+	}
+
+	expectedGroups := map[string]GroupConfig{
+		DEFAULT_GROUP_ID: {
+			Swap:      true,
+			Exclusive: true,
+			Members:   []string{"model1", "model3"},
+		},
+		"group1": {
+			Swap:      true,
+			Exclusive: false,
+			Members:   []string{"model2"},
+		},
+		"forever": {
+			Swap:       true,
+			Exclusive:  false,
+			Persistent: true,
+			Members:    []string{"model4"},
+		},
+	}
+
 	expected := Config{
 		LogLevel:      "info",
 		LogTimeFormat: "",
@@ -179,42 +208,54 @@ groups:
 		SendLoadingState: false,
 		Models: map[string]ModelConfig{
 			"model1": {
-				Cmd:              "path/to/cmd --arg1 one",
-				Proxy:            "http://localhost:8080",
-				Aliases:          []string{"m1", "model-one"},
-				Env:              []string{"VAR1=value1", "VAR2=value2"},
-				CheckEndpoint:    "/health",
-				Name:             "Model 1",
-				Description:      "This is model 1",
-				SendLoadingState: &modelLoadingState,
+				Cmd:                "path/to/cmd --arg1 one",
+				Proxy:              "http://localhost:8080",
+				Aliases:            []string{"m1", "model-one"},
+				Env:                []string{"VAR1=value1", "VAR2=value2"},
+				CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+				Name:               "Model 1",
+				Description:        "This is model 1",
+				SendLoadingState:   &modelLoadingState,
+				Timeouts:           defaultTimeout,
+				HealthCheckTimeout: 15,
 			},
 			"model2": {
-				Cmd:              "path/to/server --arg1 one",
-				Proxy:            "http://localhost:8081",
-				Aliases:          []string{"m2"},
-				Env:              []string{},
-				CheckEndpoint:    "/",
-				SendLoadingState: &modelLoadingState,
+				Cmd:                "path/to/server --arg1 one",
+				Proxy:              "http://localhost:8081",
+				Aliases:            []string{"m2"},
+				Env:                []string{},
+				CheckEndpoint:      "/",
+				SendLoadingState:   &modelLoadingState,
+				Timeouts:           defaultTimeout,
+				HealthCheckTimeout: 15,
 			},
 			"model3": {
-				Cmd:              "path/to/cmd --arg1 one",
-				Proxy:            "http://localhost:8081",
-				Aliases:          []string{"mthree"},
-				Env:              []string{},
-				CheckEndpoint:    "/",
-				SendLoadingState: &modelLoadingState,
+				Cmd:                "path/to/cmd --arg1 one",
+				Proxy:              "http://localhost:8081",
+				Aliases:            []string{"mthree"},
+				Env:                []string{},
+				CheckEndpoint:      "/",
+				SendLoadingState:   &modelLoadingState,
+				Timeouts:           defaultTimeout,
+				HealthCheckTimeout: 15,
 			},
 			"model4": {
-				Cmd:              "path/to/cmd --arg1 one",
-				Proxy:            "http://localhost:8082",
-				CheckEndpoint:    "/",
-				Aliases:          []string{},
-				Env:              []string{},
-				SendLoadingState: &modelLoadingState,
+				Cmd:                "path/to/cmd --arg1 one",
+				Proxy:              "http://localhost:8082",
+				CheckEndpoint:      "/",
+				Aliases:            []string{},
+				Env:                []string{},
+				SendLoadingState:   &modelLoadingState,
+				Timeouts:           defaultTimeout,
+				HealthCheckTimeout: 15,
 			},
 		},
 		HealthCheckTimeout: 15,
 		MetricsMaxInMemory: 1000,
+		CaptureBuffer:      5,
+		Performance: PerformanceConfig{
+			Every: 5 * time.Second,
+		},
 		Profiles: map[string][]string{
 			"test": {"model1", "model2"},
 		},
@@ -224,22 +265,19 @@ groups:
 			"m2":        "model2",
 			"mthree":    "model3",
 		},
-		Groups: map[string]GroupConfig{
-			DEFAULT_GROUP_ID: {
-				Swap:      true,
-				Exclusive: true,
-				Members:   []string{"model1", "model3"},
+		Groups: expectedGroups,
+		Upstream: UpstreamConfig{
+			IgnorePaths: DefaultUpstreamIgnorePaths(),
+		},
+		Routing: RoutingConfig{
+			Router: RouterConfig{
+				Use: "group",
+				Settings: RouterSettings{
+					Groups: expectedGroups,
+				},
 			},
-			"group1": {
-				Swap:      true,
-				Exclusive: false,
-				Members:   []string{"model2"},
-			},
-			"forever": {
-				Swap:       true,
-				Exclusive:  false,
-				Persistent: true,
-				Members:    []string{"model4"},
+			Scheduler: SchedulerConfig{
+				Use: "serial",
 			},
 		},
 	}

internal/config/config_schema_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/jsonschema-go/jsonschema"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+// TestConfig_ExampleMatchesSchema validates that config.example.yaml conforms to
+// config-schema.json. Both files live at the repository root.
+func TestConfig_ExampleMatchesSchema(t *testing.T) {
+	const (
+		schemaPath  = "../../config-schema.json"
+		examplePath = "../../config.example.yaml"
+	)
+
+	schemaBytes, err := os.ReadFile(schemaPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("reading %s: %v", schemaPath, err)
+	}
+
+	var schema jsonschema.Schema
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(schemaBytes, &schema); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshalling schema: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	resolved, err := schema.Resolve(&jsonschema.ResolveOptions{
+		BaseURI: "https://github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("resolving schema: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	exampleBytes, err := os.ReadFile(examplePath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("reading %s: %v", examplePath, err)
+	}
+
+	// Convert YAML to a JSON-like value so numbers and keys match what the
+	// validator expects.
+	var yamlValue any
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(exampleBytes, &yamlValue); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshalling example yaml: %v", err)
+	}
+	jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(yamlValue)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("converting example to json: %v", err)
+	}
+	var instance any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonBytes, &instance); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshalling example json: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := resolved.Validate(instance); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("config.example.yaml does not match config-schema.json:\n%v", err)
+	}
+}

internal/config/config_test.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func TestConfig_GroupMemberIsUnique(t *testing.T) {
@@ -776,22 +777,27 @@ func TestConfig_APIKeys_Invalid(t *testing.T) {
 		{
 			name:        "blank spaces only",
 			content:     `apiKeys: ["   "]`,
-			expectedErr: "api key cannot contain spaces: `   `",
+			expectedErr: "apiKeys[0]: api key cannot contain spaces",
 		},
 		{
 			name:        "contains leading space",
 			content:     `apiKeys: [" key123"]`,
-			expectedErr: "api key cannot contain spaces: ` key123`",
+			expectedErr: "apiKeys[0]: api key cannot contain spaces",
 		},
 		{
 			name:        "contains trailing space",
 			content:     `apiKeys: ["key123 "]`,
-			expectedErr: "api key cannot contain spaces: `key123 `",
+			expectedErr: "apiKeys[0]: api key cannot contain spaces",
 		},
 		{
 			name:        "contains middle space",
 			content:     `apiKeys: ["key 123"]`,
-			expectedErr: "api key cannot contain spaces: `key 123`",
+			expectedErr: "apiKeys[0]: api key cannot contain spaces",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "space in second key reports correct index",
+			content:     `apiKeys: ["valid-key", "bad key"]`,
+			expectedErr: "apiKeys[1]: api key cannot contain spaces",
 		},
 		{
 			name:        "empty in list with valid keys",
@@ -848,6 +854,71 @@ func TestConfig_APIKeys_EnvMacros(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestConfig_GlobalTTL(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("globalTTL sets default for models", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content := `
+globalTTL: 300
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: server --port ${PORT}
+`
+		config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, 300, config.GlobalTTL)
+		assert.Equal(t, 300, config.Models["model1"].UnloadAfter)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("model ttl=0 overrides globalTTL", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content := `
+globalTTL: 300
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: server --port ${PORT}
+    ttl: 0
+`
+		config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, config.Models["model1"].UnloadAfter)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("model explicit ttl overrides globalTTL", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content := `
+globalTTL: 300
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: server --port ${PORT}
+    ttl: 600
+`
+		config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, 600, config.Models["model1"].UnloadAfter)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("globalTTL defaults to 0", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: server --port ${PORT}
+`
+		config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, config.GlobalTTL)
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, config.Models["model1"].UnloadAfter)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("negative globalTTL rejected", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content := `
+globalTTL: -1
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: server --port ${PORT}
+`
+		_, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "globalTTL must be >= 0")
+	})
+}
+
 func TestConfig_EnvMacros(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("basic env substitution in cmd", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Setenv("TEST_MODEL_PATH", "/opt/models")
@@ -1308,4 +1379,344 @@ peers:
 		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "peers.openrouter.filters.setParams")
 		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "unknown macro")
 	})
+
+	t.Run("env macros in comments are ignored", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content := `
+# apiKeys:
+#   - "${env.COMMENTED_OUT_KEY_1}"
+#   - "${env.COMMENTED_OUT_KEY_2}"
+models:
+  test:
+    cmd: "server"
+    proxy: "http://localhost:8080"
+`
+		// These env vars are NOT set, but should not cause an error
+		// because they only appear in comment lines
+		config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Empty(t, config.RequiredAPIKeys)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("env macros in comments ignored while active ones resolve", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Setenv("TEST_ACTIVE_KEY", "active-key-value")
+
+		content := `
+# apiKeys: ["${env.COMMENTED_OUT_KEY}"]
+apiKeys: ["${env.TEST_ACTIVE_KEY}"]
+models:
+  test:
+    cmd: "server"
+    proxy: "http://localhost:8080"
+`
+		config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []string{"active-key-value"}, config.RequiredAPIKeys)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("env macros in indented comments are ignored", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content := `
+models:
+  test:
+    cmd: |
+      server
+      --port 8080
+    proxy: "http://localhost:8080"
+    # metadata:
+    #   api_key: "${env.SOME_UNSET_KEY}"
+`
+		_, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("env macros in inline comments are ignored", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Setenv("TEST_INLINE_KEY", "real-value")
+
+		content := `
+apiKeys: ["${env.TEST_INLINE_KEY}"] # TODO: add ${env.FUTURE_KEY} later
+models:
+  test:
+    cmd: "server"
+    proxy: "http://localhost:8080"
+`
+		config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, []string{"real-value"}, config.RequiredAPIKeys)
+	})
+
+}
+
+func TestConfig_TimeoutsParsing(t *testing.T) {
+	configYaml := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: test-server --port ${PORT}
+    timeouts:
+      connect: 45
+      responseHeader: 120
+`
+
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(configYaml))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	modelConfig, found := config.Models["model1"]
+	require.True(t, found, "model1 should exist in config")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 45, modelConfig.Timeouts.Connect)
+	assert.Equal(t, 120, modelConfig.Timeouts.ResponseHeader)
+}
+
+func TestConfig_TimeoutsDefaults(t *testing.T) {
+	configYaml := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: test-server --port ${PORT}
+`
+
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(configYaml))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	modelConfig, found := config.Models["model1"]
+	require.True(t, found, "model1 should exist in config")
+
+	// Default values should be set during unmarshaling
+	assert.Equal(t, 30, modelConfig.Timeouts.Connect)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, modelConfig.Timeouts.ResponseHeader)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10, modelConfig.Timeouts.TLSHandshake)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, modelConfig.Timeouts.ExpectContinue)
+	assert.Equal(t, 90, modelConfig.Timeouts.IdleConn)
+}
+
+func TestConfig_TimeoutsZeroAllowed(t *testing.T) {
+	configYaml := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: test-server --port ${PORT}
+    timeouts:
+      connect: 0
+      responseHeader: 0
+`
+
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(configYaml))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	modelConfig, found := config.Models["model1"]
+	require.True(t, found, "model1 should exist in config")
+
+	// Explicit 0 should be preserved (disables timeout)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, modelConfig.Timeouts.Connect)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, modelConfig.Timeouts.ResponseHeader)
+}
+
+func TestConfig_PeerTimeoutsParsing(t *testing.T) {
+	configYaml := `
+peers:
+  peer1:
+    proxy: http://example.com
+    models: [model1]
+    timeouts:
+      connect: 45
+      responseHeader: 120
+`
+
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(configYaml))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	peerConfig, found := config.Peers["peer1"]
+	require.True(t, found, "peer1 should exist in config")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 45, peerConfig.Timeouts.Connect)
+	assert.Equal(t, 120, peerConfig.Timeouts.ResponseHeader)
+}
+
+func TestConfig_PeerTimeoutsDefaults(t *testing.T) {
+	configYaml := `
+peers:
+  peer1:
+    proxy: http://example.com
+    models: [model1]
+`
+
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(configYaml))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	peerConfig, found := config.Peers["peer1"]
+	require.True(t, found, "peer1 should exist in config")
+
+	// Default values should be set during unmarshaling
+	assert.Equal(t, 30, peerConfig.Timeouts.Connect)
+	assert.Equal(t, 60, peerConfig.Timeouts.ResponseHeader)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10, peerConfig.Timeouts.TLSHandshake)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, peerConfig.Timeouts.ExpectContinue)
+	assert.Equal(t, 90, peerConfig.Timeouts.IdleConn)
+}
+
+// twoModels is a minimal models block reused by the routing tests below.
+const twoModels = `
+models:
+  gemma:
+    cmd: echo gemma
+    proxy: http://localhost:8080
+  qwen:
+    cmd: echo qwen
+    proxy: http://localhost:8081
+`
+
+func TestConfig_Routing_LegacyTopLevelGroups(t *testing.T) {
+	yaml := twoModels + `
+groups:
+  g1:
+    members: [gemma, qwen]
+`
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(yaml))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "group", cfg.Routing.Router.Use)
+	// default group injected for orphaned models (none here) still leaves g1
+	assert.Contains(t, cfg.Routing.Router.Settings.Groups, "g1")
+	assert.Equal(t, "serial", cfg.Routing.Scheduler.Use)
+}
+
+func TestConfig_Routing_LegacyTopLevelMatrix(t *testing.T) {
+	yaml := twoModels + `
+matrix:
+  vars:
+    g: gemma
+    q: qwen
+  sets:
+    combo: "g | q"
+`
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(yaml))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "matrix", cfg.Routing.Router.Use)
+	require.NotNil(t, cfg.Routing.Router.Settings.Matrix)
+	assert.Len(t, cfg.Routing.Router.Settings.Matrix.ExpandedSets, 2)
+}
+
+func TestConfig_Routing_RouterUseMatrix(t *testing.T) {
+	yaml := twoModels + `
+routing:
+  router:
+    use: matrix
+    settings:
+      matrix:
+        vars:
+          g: gemma
+          q: qwen
+        sets:
+          combo: "g | q"
+`
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(yaml))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "matrix", cfg.Routing.Router.Use)
+	require.NotNil(t, cfg.Routing.Router.Settings.Matrix)
+	assert.Len(t, cfg.Routing.Router.Settings.Matrix.ExpandedSets, 2)
+}
+
+func TestConfig_Routing_RouterUseGroup(t *testing.T) {
+	yaml := twoModels + `
+routing:
+  router:
+    use: group
+    settings:
+      groups:
+        g1:
+          members: [gemma, qwen]
+`
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(yaml))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "group", cfg.Routing.Router.Use)
+	assert.Contains(t, cfg.Routing.Router.Settings.Groups, "g1")
+}
+
+func TestConfig_Routing_DefaultsToGroup(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(twoModels))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "group", cfg.Routing.Router.Use)
+	assert.Equal(t, "serial", cfg.Routing.Scheduler.Use)
+}
+
+func TestConfig_Routing_LegacyAndRoutingConflict(t *testing.T) {
+	yaml := twoModels + `
+groups:
+  g1:
+    members: [gemma, qwen]
+routing:
+  router:
+    use: group
+`
+	_, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(yaml))
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "migrate")
+}
+
+func TestConfig_Routing_RouterUseMatrixWithoutSettings(t *testing.T) {
+	yaml := twoModels + `
+routing:
+  router:
+    use: matrix
+`
+	_, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(yaml))
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "routing.router.settings.matrix is not set")
+}
+
+// Both groups and matrix may be defined under routing.router.settings;
+// routing.router.use selects which one is active.
+func TestConfig_Routing_RouterSettingsBothGroupsAndMatrix(t *testing.T) {
+	yaml := twoModels + `
+routing:
+  router:
+    use: group
+    settings:
+      groups:
+        g1:
+          members: [gemma, qwen]
+      matrix:
+        sets:
+          s: "gemma"
+`
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(yaml))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	// use: group means groups are active and matrix is ignored
+	assert.Equal(t, "group", config.Routing.Router.Use)
+	assert.Nil(t, config.Matrix)
+	assert.Contains(t, config.Groups, "g1")
+}
+
+func TestConfig_Routing_UnknownRouter(t *testing.T) {
+	yaml := twoModels + `
+routing:
+  router:
+    use: bogus
+`
+	_, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(yaml))
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "unknown router")
+}
+
+func TestConfig_Routing_FifoPriorityUnknownModel(t *testing.T) {
+	yaml := twoModels + `
+routing:
+  scheduler:
+    settings:
+      fifo:
+        priority:
+          nope: 5
+`
+	_, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(yaml))
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "unknown model")
+}
+
+func TestConfig_Routing_FifoPriorityKnownModel(t *testing.T) {
+	yaml := twoModels + `
+routing:
+  scheduler:
+    settings:
+      fifo:
+        priority:
+          gemma: 5
+`
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(yaml))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 5, cfg.Routing.Scheduler.Settings.Fifo.Priority["gemma"])
 }

internal/config/config_windows_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
@@ -155,6 +156,34 @@ groups:
 
 	modelLoadingState := false
 
+	defaultTimeout := TimeoutsConfig{
+		Connect:        30,
+		KeepAlive:      30,
+		ResponseHeader: 0,
+		TLSHandshake:   10,
+		ExpectContinue: 1,
+		IdleConn:       90,
+	}
+
+	expectedGroups := map[string]GroupConfig{
+		DEFAULT_GROUP_ID: {
+			Swap:      true,
+			Exclusive: true,
+			Members:   []string{"model1", "model3"},
+		},
+		"group1": {
+			Swap:      true,
+			Exclusive: false,
+			Members:   []string{"model2"},
+		},
+		"forever": {
+			Swap:       true,
+			Exclusive:  false,
+			Persistent: true,
+			Members:    []string{"model4"},
+		},
+	}
+
 	expected := Config{
 		LogLevel:      "info",
 		LogTimeFormat: "",
@@ -166,44 +195,56 @@ groups:
 		SendLoadingState: false,
 		Models: map[string]ModelConfig{
 			"model1": {
-				Cmd:              "path/to/cmd --arg1 one",
-				CmdStop:          "taskkill /f /t /pid ${PID}",
-				Proxy:            "http://localhost:8080",
-				Aliases:          []string{"m1", "model-one"},
-				Env:              []string{"VAR1=value1", "VAR2=value2"},
-				CheckEndpoint:    "/health",
-				SendLoadingState: &modelLoadingState,
+				Cmd:                "path/to/cmd --arg1 one",
+				CmdStop:            "taskkill /f /t /pid ${PID}",
+				Proxy:              "http://localhost:8080",
+				Aliases:            []string{"m1", "model-one"},
+				Env:                []string{"VAR1=value1", "VAR2=value2"},
+				CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+				SendLoadingState:   &modelLoadingState,
+				Timeouts:           defaultTimeout,
+				HealthCheckTimeout: 15,
 			},
 			"model2": {
-				Cmd:              "path/to/server --arg1 one",
-				CmdStop:          "taskkill /f /t /pid ${PID}",
-				Proxy:            "http://localhost:8081",
-				Aliases:          []string{"m2"},
-				Env:              []string{},
-				CheckEndpoint:    "/",
-				SendLoadingState: &modelLoadingState,
+				Cmd:                "path/to/server --arg1 one",
+				CmdStop:            "taskkill /f /t /pid ${PID}",
+				Proxy:              "http://localhost:8081",
+				Aliases:            []string{"m2"},
+				Env:                []string{},
+				CheckEndpoint:      "/",
+				SendLoadingState:   &modelLoadingState,
+				Timeouts:           defaultTimeout,
+				HealthCheckTimeout: 15,
 			},
 			"model3": {
-				Cmd:              "path/to/cmd --arg1 one",
-				CmdStop:          "taskkill /f /t /pid ${PID}",
-				Proxy:            "http://localhost:8081",
-				Aliases:          []string{"mthree"},
-				Env:              []string{},
-				CheckEndpoint:    "/",
-				SendLoadingState: &modelLoadingState,
+				Cmd:                "path/to/cmd --arg1 one",
+				CmdStop:            "taskkill /f /t /pid ${PID}",
+				Proxy:              "http://localhost:8081",
+				Aliases:            []string{"mthree"},
+				Env:                []string{},
+				CheckEndpoint:      "/",
+				SendLoadingState:   &modelLoadingState,
+				Timeouts:           defaultTimeout,
+				HealthCheckTimeout: 15,
 			},
 			"model4": {
-				Cmd:              "path/to/cmd --arg1 one",
-				CmdStop:          "taskkill /f /t /pid ${PID}",
-				Proxy:            "http://localhost:8082",
-				CheckEndpoint:    "/",
-				Aliases:          []string{},
-				Env:              []string{},
-				SendLoadingState: &modelLoadingState,
+				Cmd:                "path/to/cmd --arg1 one",
+				CmdStop:            "taskkill /f /t /pid ${PID}",
+				Proxy:              "http://localhost:8082",
+				CheckEndpoint:      "/",
+				Aliases:            []string{},
+				Env:                []string{},
+				SendLoadingState:   &modelLoadingState,
+				Timeouts:           defaultTimeout,
+				HealthCheckTimeout: 15,
 			},
 		},
 		HealthCheckTimeout: 15,
 		MetricsMaxInMemory: 1000,
+		CaptureBuffer:      5,
+		Performance: PerformanceConfig{
+			Every: 5 * time.Second,
+		},
 		Profiles: map[string][]string{
 			"test": {"model1", "model2"},
 		},
@@ -213,22 +254,19 @@ groups:
 			"m2":        "model2",
 			"mthree":    "model3",
 		},
-		Groups: map[string]GroupConfig{
-			DEFAULT_GROUP_ID: {
-				Swap:      true,
-				Exclusive: true,
-				Members:   []string{"model1", "model3"},
+		Groups: expectedGroups,
+		Upstream: UpstreamConfig{
+			IgnorePaths: DefaultUpstreamIgnorePaths(),
+		},
+		Routing: RoutingConfig{
+			Router: RouterConfig{
+				Use: "group",
+				Settings: RouterSettings{
+					Groups: expectedGroups,
+				},
 			},
-			"group1": {
-				Swap:      true,
-				Exclusive: false,
-				Members:   []string{"model2"},
-			},
-			"forever": {
-				Swap:       true,
-				Exclusive:  false,
-				Persistent: true,
-				Members:    []string{"model4"},
+			Scheduler: SchedulerConfig{
+				Use: "serial",
 			},
 		},
 	}

internal/config/filters.go

@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ type Filters struct {
 	// SetParams is a dictionary of parameters to set/override in requests
 	// Protected params (like "model") cannot be set
 	SetParams map[string]any `yaml:"setParams"`
+
+	// SetParamsByID maps requested model IDs to parameters to set/override in requests.
+	// Useful with aliases: a single loaded model can behave differently depending on
+	// which alias the client used. Applied after SetParams, so it can override those values.
+	// Protected params (like "model") cannot be set.
+	SetParamsByID map[string]map[string]any `yaml:"setParamsByID"`
 }
 
 // SanitizedStripParams returns a sorted list of parameters to strip,
@@ -51,6 +57,33 @@ func (f Filters) SanitizedStripParams() []string {
 	return cleaned
 }
 
+// SanitizedSetParamsByID returns the params to set for the given requestedModelID,
+// with protected params removed and keys sorted for consistent iteration order.
+// Returns nil if the ID has no entry or all its params are protected.
+func (f Filters) SanitizedSetParamsByID(requestedModelID string) (map[string]any, []string) {
+	if len(f.SetParamsByID) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	params, found := f.SetParamsByID[requestedModelID]
+	if !found || len(params) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	result := make(map[string]any, len(params))
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(params))
+	for key, value := range params {
+		if slices.Contains(ProtectedParams, key) {
+			continue
+		}
+		result[key] = value
+		keys = append(keys, key)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+	if len(result) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return result, keys
+}
+
 // SanitizedSetParams returns a copy of SetParams with protected params removed
 // and keys sorted for consistent iteration order
 func (f Filters) SanitizedSetParams() (map[string]any, []string) {

internal/config/filters_test.go

@@ -162,6 +162,123 @@ func TestFilters_SanitizedSetParams(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestFilters_SanitizedSetParamsByID(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name             string
+		setParamsByID    map[string]map[string]any
+		requestedModelID string
+		wantParams       map[string]any
+		wantKeys         []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:             "empty SetParamsByID returns nil",
+			setParamsByID:    nil,
+			requestedModelID: "model1",
+			wantParams:       nil,
+			wantKeys:         nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name:             "empty map returns nil",
+			setParamsByID:    map[string]map[string]any{},
+			requestedModelID: "model1",
+			wantParams:       nil,
+			wantKeys:         nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "non-matching model ID returns nil",
+			setParamsByID: map[string]map[string]any{
+				"model2": {"temperature": 0.9},
+			},
+			requestedModelID: "model1",
+			wantParams:       nil,
+			wantKeys:         nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "matching model ID returns correct params",
+			setParamsByID: map[string]map[string]any{
+				"model1": {"temperature": 0.7, "top_p": 0.9},
+				"model2": {"temperature": 0.5},
+			},
+			requestedModelID: "model1",
+			wantParams: map[string]any{
+				"temperature": 0.7,
+				"top_p":       0.9,
+			},
+			wantKeys: []string{"temperature", "top_p"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "protected param model is filtered out",
+			setParamsByID: map[string]map[string]any{
+				"model1": {
+					"model":       "should-be-filtered",
+					"temperature": 0.7,
+				},
+			},
+			requestedModelID: "model1",
+			wantParams: map[string]any{
+				"temperature": 0.7,
+			},
+			wantKeys: []string{"temperature"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "only protected param returns nil",
+			setParamsByID: map[string]map[string]any{
+				"model1": {
+					"model": "should-be-filtered",
+				},
+			},
+			requestedModelID: "model1",
+			wantParams:       nil,
+			wantKeys:         nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "keys are sorted",
+			setParamsByID: map[string]map[string]any{
+				"model1": {
+					"z_param": "z",
+					"a_param": "a",
+					"m_param": "m",
+				},
+			},
+			requestedModelID: "model1",
+			wantParams: map[string]any{
+				"z_param": "z",
+				"a_param": "a",
+				"m_param": "m",
+			},
+			wantKeys: []string{"a_param", "m_param", "z_param"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "alias style key lookup",
+			setParamsByID: map[string]map[string]any{
+				"model1:high": {"reasoning_effort": "high"},
+				"model1:low":  {"reasoning_effort": "low"},
+			},
+			requestedModelID: "model1:high",
+			wantParams: map[string]any{
+				"reasoning_effort": "high",
+			},
+			wantKeys: []string{"reasoning_effort"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			f := Filters{SetParamsByID: tt.setParamsByID}
+			gotParams, gotKeys := f.SanitizedSetParamsByID(tt.requestedModelID)
+
+			if tt.wantParams == nil {
+				assert.Nil(t, gotParams)
+				assert.Nil(t, gotKeys)
+				return
+			}
+
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantKeys, gotKeys)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantParams, gotParams)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestProtectedParams(t *testing.T) {
 	// Verify that "model" is protected
 	assert.Contains(t, ProtectedParams, "model")

internal/config/load.go

@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/url"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+func LoadConfigFromReader(r io.Reader) (Config, error) {
+	data, err := io.ReadAll(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Config{}, err
+	}
+	yamlStr := string(data)
+
+	// Phase 1: Substitute all ${env.VAR} macros at string level
+	// This is safe because env values are simple strings without YAML formatting
+	yamlStr, err = substituteEnvMacros(yamlStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Config{}, err
+	}
+
+	// Unmarshal into full Config with defaults
+	config := Config{
+		HealthCheckTimeout: 120,
+		StartPort:          5800,
+		LogLevel:           "info",
+		LogTimeFormat:      "",
+		LogToStdout:        LogToStdoutProxy,
+		MetricsMaxInMemory: 1000,
+		CaptureBuffer:      5,
+		GlobalTTL:          0,
+	}
+	if err = yaml.Unmarshal([]byte(yamlStr), &config); err != nil {
+		return Config{}, err
+	}
+
+	if config.HealthCheckTimeout < 15 {
+		config.HealthCheckTimeout = 15
+	}
+
+	// Apply defaults for performance config when section is missing
+	if config.Performance.Every == 0 {
+		config.Performance.Every = 5 * time.Second
+	}
+	if err = config.Performance.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("performance: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if config.StartPort < 1 {
+		return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("startPort must be greater than 1")
+	}
+
+	if config.GlobalTTL < 0 {
+		return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("globalTTL must be >= 0")
+	}
+
+	// Apply default for upstream.ignorePaths when not specified. The default
+	// matches common static-asset suffixes so they do not trigger a swap.
+	if len(config.Upstream.IgnorePaths) == 0 {
+		config.Upstream.IgnorePaths = DefaultUpstreamIgnorePaths()
+	}
+
+	switch config.LogToStdout {
+	case LogToStdoutProxy, LogToStdoutUpstream, LogToStdoutBoth, LogToStdoutNone:
+	default:
+		return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("logToStdout must be one of: proxy, upstream, both, none")
+	}
+
+	// Populate the aliases map
+	config.aliases = make(map[string]string)
+	for modelName, modelConfig := range config.Models {
+		for _, alias := range modelConfig.Aliases {
+			if _, found := config.aliases[alias]; found {
+				return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("duplicate alias %s found in model: %s", alias, modelName)
+			}
+			config.aliases[alias] = modelName
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Validate global macros
+	for _, macro := range config.Macros {
+		if err = validateMacro(macro.Name, macro.Value); err != nil {
+			return Config{}, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Get and sort all model IDs for consistent port assignment
+	modelIds := make([]string, 0, len(config.Models))
+	for modelId := range config.Models {
+		modelIds = append(modelIds, modelId)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(modelIds)
+
+	nextPort := config.StartPort
+	for _, modelId := range modelIds {
+		modelConfig := config.Models[modelId]
+		modelConfig.HealthCheckTimeout = config.HealthCheckTimeout
+
+		// Strip comments from command fields
+		modelConfig.Cmd = StripComments(modelConfig.Cmd)
+		modelConfig.CmdStop = StripComments(modelConfig.CmdStop)
+
+		// set model TTL to globalTTL it is the default value
+		if modelConfig.UnloadAfter == MODEL_CONFIG_DEFAULT_TTL {
+			modelConfig.UnloadAfter = config.GlobalTTL
+		}
+
+		if modelConfig.UnloadAfter < 0 {
+			return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("model %s: invalid TTL value %d", modelId, modelConfig.UnloadAfter)
+		}
+
+		// Validate model macros
+		for _, macro := range modelConfig.Macros {
+			if err = validateMacro(macro.Name, macro.Value); err != nil {
+				return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("model %s: %s", modelId, err.Error())
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Build merged macro list: MODEL_ID + global macros + model macros (model overrides global)
+		mergedMacros := make(MacroList, 0, len(config.Macros)+len(modelConfig.Macros)+1)
+		mergedMacros = append(mergedMacros, MacroEntry{Name: "MODEL_ID", Value: modelId})
+		mergedMacros = append(mergedMacros, config.Macros...)
+
+		// Add model macros (override globals with same name)
+		for _, entry := range modelConfig.Macros {
+			found := false
+			for i, existing := range mergedMacros {
+				if existing.Name == entry.Name {
+					mergedMacros[i] = entry
+					found = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if !found {
+				mergedMacros = append(mergedMacros, entry)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Substitute remaining macros in model fields (LIFO order)
+		for i := len(mergedMacros) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+			entry := mergedMacros[i]
+			macroSlug := fmt.Sprintf("${%s}", entry.Name)
+			macroStr := fmt.Sprintf("%v", entry.Value)
+
+			modelConfig.Cmd = strings.ReplaceAll(modelConfig.Cmd, macroSlug, macroStr)
+			modelConfig.CmdStop = strings.ReplaceAll(modelConfig.CmdStop, macroSlug, macroStr)
+			modelConfig.Proxy = strings.ReplaceAll(modelConfig.Proxy, macroSlug, macroStr)
+			modelConfig.CheckEndpoint = strings.ReplaceAll(modelConfig.CheckEndpoint, macroSlug, macroStr)
+			modelConfig.Filters.StripParams = strings.ReplaceAll(modelConfig.Filters.StripParams, macroSlug, macroStr)
+			modelConfig.Name = strings.ReplaceAll(modelConfig.Name, macroSlug, macroStr)
+			modelConfig.Description = strings.ReplaceAll(modelConfig.Description, macroSlug, macroStr)
+
+			// Substitute macros in SetParamsByID keys and values
+			if len(modelConfig.Filters.SetParamsByID) > 0 {
+				newSetParamsByID := make(map[string]map[string]any, len(modelConfig.Filters.SetParamsByID))
+				for key, paramMap := range modelConfig.Filters.SetParamsByID {
+					newKey := strings.ReplaceAll(key, macroSlug, macroStr)
+					newValAny, err := substituteMacroInValue(any(paramMap), entry.Name, entry.Value)
+					if err != nil {
+						return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("model %s filters.setParamsByID: %s", modelId, err.Error())
+					}
+					newParamMap, ok := newValAny.(map[string]any)
+					if !ok {
+						return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("model %s filters.setParamsByID: unexpected type after macro substitution", modelId)
+					}
+					newSetParamsByID[newKey] = newParamMap
+				}
+				modelConfig.Filters.SetParamsByID = newSetParamsByID
+			}
+
+			// Substitute in metadata (type-preserving)
+			if len(modelConfig.Metadata) > 0 {
+				result, err := substituteMacroInValue(modelConfig.Metadata, entry.Name, entry.Value)
+				if err != nil {
+					return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("model %s metadata: %s", modelId, err.Error())
+				}
+				modelConfig.Metadata = result.(map[string]any)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Handle PORT macro - only allocate if cmd uses it
+		cmdHasPort := strings.Contains(modelConfig.Cmd, "${PORT}")
+		proxyHasPort := strings.Contains(modelConfig.Proxy, "${PORT}")
+		if cmdHasPort || proxyHasPort {
+			if !cmdHasPort && proxyHasPort {
+				return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("model %s: proxy uses ${PORT} but cmd does not - ${PORT} is only available when used in cmd", modelId)
+			}
+
+			macroSlug := "${PORT}"
+			macroStr := fmt.Sprintf("%v", nextPort)
+
+			modelConfig.Cmd = strings.ReplaceAll(modelConfig.Cmd, macroSlug, macroStr)
+			modelConfig.CmdStop = strings.ReplaceAll(modelConfig.CmdStop, macroSlug, macroStr)
+			modelConfig.Proxy = strings.ReplaceAll(modelConfig.Proxy, macroSlug, macroStr)
+			modelConfig.Name = strings.ReplaceAll(modelConfig.Name, macroSlug, macroStr)
+			modelConfig.Description = strings.ReplaceAll(modelConfig.Description, macroSlug, macroStr)
+
+			if len(modelConfig.Metadata) > 0 {
+				result, err := substituteMacroInValue(modelConfig.Metadata, "PORT", nextPort)
+				if err != nil {
+					return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("model %s metadata: %s", modelId, err.Error())
+				}
+				modelConfig.Metadata = result.(map[string]any)
+			}
+
+			nextPort++
+		}
+
+		// Validate no unknown macros remain
+		fieldMap := map[string]string{
+			"cmd":                 modelConfig.Cmd,
+			"cmdStop":             modelConfig.CmdStop,
+			"proxy":               modelConfig.Proxy,
+			"checkEndpoint":       modelConfig.CheckEndpoint,
+			"filters.stripParams": modelConfig.Filters.StripParams,
+			"name":                modelConfig.Name,
+			"description":         modelConfig.Description,
+		}
+
+		for fieldName, fieldValue := range fieldMap {
+			matches := macroPatternRegex.FindAllStringSubmatch(fieldValue, -1)
+			for _, match := range matches {
+				macroName := match[1]
+				if macroName == "PID" && fieldName == "cmdStop" {
+					continue // replaced at runtime
+				}
+				if macroName == "PORT" || macroName == "MODEL_ID" {
+					return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("macro '${%s}' should have been substituted in %s.%s", macroName, modelId, fieldName)
+				}
+				return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("unknown macro '${%s}' found in %s.%s", macroName, modelId, fieldName)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(modelConfig.Metadata) > 0 {
+			if err := validateNestedForUnknownMacros(modelConfig.Metadata, fmt.Sprintf("model %s metadata", modelId)); err != nil {
+				return Config{}, err
+			}
+		}
+
+		if err = modelConfig.Capabilities.Validate(); err != nil {
+			return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("model %s: %w", modelId, err)
+		}
+
+		// Validate SetParamsByID keys and values
+		for key, paramMap := range modelConfig.Filters.SetParamsByID {
+			if matches := macroPatternRegex.FindAllStringSubmatch(key, -1); len(matches) > 0 {
+				return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("unknown macro '${%s}' found in model %s filters.setParamsByID key", matches[0][1], modelId)
+			}
+			if err := validateNestedForUnknownMacros(any(paramMap), fmt.Sprintf("model %s filters.setParamsByID[%s]", modelId, key)); err != nil {
+				return Config{}, err
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Auto-register setParamsByID keys as aliases (skip the model's own ID)
+		for key := range modelConfig.Filters.SetParamsByID {
+			if key == modelId {
+				continue
+			}
+			if _, exists := config.Models[key]; exists {
+				return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("model %s filters.setParamsByID: key '%s' conflicts with an existing model ID", modelId, key)
+			}
+			if existingModel, exists := config.aliases[key]; exists {
+				if existingModel != modelId {
+					return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("duplicate alias '%s' in model %s filters.setParamsByID, already used by model %s", key, modelId, existingModel)
+				}
+				continue // already registered as explicit alias for this model
+			}
+			config.aliases[key] = modelId
+			modelConfig.Aliases = append(modelConfig.Aliases, key)
+		}
+
+		if _, err := url.Parse(modelConfig.Proxy); err != nil {
+			return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("model %s: invalid proxy URL: %w", modelId, err)
+		}
+
+		if modelConfig.SendLoadingState == nil {
+			v := config.SendLoadingState
+			modelConfig.SendLoadingState = &v
+		}
+
+		config.Models[modelId] = modelConfig
+	}
+
+	// Normalize routing config. The legacy top-level `matrix`/`groups` keys and
+	// the new `routing.router` block are mutually exclusive: a config may use
+	// either style, never both.
+	hasTopLevel := config.Matrix != nil || len(config.Groups) > 0
+	rtr := config.Routing.Router
+	hasRouting := rtr.Use != "" || rtr.Settings.Matrix != nil || len(rtr.Settings.Groups) > 0
+
+	if hasTopLevel && hasRouting {
+		return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("config uses both the legacy top-level 'matrix'/'groups' keys and the new 'routing.router' block; please migrate the top-level keys into 'routing.router' and remove them")
+	}
+
+	if !hasTopLevel {
+		// Both groups and matrix may be defined under routing.router.settings;
+		// routing.router.use selects which one is active, so there is no conflict.
+		rs := config.Routing.Router.Settings
+		switch config.Routing.Router.Use {
+		case "matrix":
+			if rs.Matrix == nil {
+				return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("routing.router.use is 'matrix' but routing.router.settings.matrix is not set")
+			}
+			config.Matrix = rs.Matrix
+		case "group", "":
+			config.Groups = rs.Groups
+		default:
+			return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("routing.router.use: unknown router %q (valid: group, matrix)", config.Routing.Router.Use)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// groups XOR matrix
+	if config.Matrix != nil && len(config.Groups) > 0 {
+		return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("config cannot use both 'groups' and 'matrix'")
+	}
+
+	if config.Matrix != nil {
+		expandedSets, err := ValidateMatrix(*config.Matrix, config.Models)
+		if err != nil {
+			return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("matrix: %w", err)
+		}
+		config.Matrix.ExpandedSets = expandedSets
+	} else {
+		config = AddDefaultGroupToConfig(config)
+
+		// Validate group members
+		memberUsage := make(map[string]string)
+		for groupID, groupConfig := range config.Groups {
+			prevSet := make(map[string]bool)
+			for _, member := range groupConfig.Members {
+				if _, found := prevSet[member]; found {
+					return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("duplicate model member %s found in group: %s", member, groupID)
+				}
+				prevSet[member] = true
+
+				if existingGroup, exists := memberUsage[member]; exists {
+					return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("model member %s is used in multiple groups: %s and %s", member, existingGroup, groupID)
+				}
+				memberUsage[member] = groupID
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Build the canonical Config.Routing from the effective result. Both legacy
+	// and new-style configs converge here. The Matrix pointer is shared so
+	// ExpandedSets stays in one place.
+	if config.Matrix != nil {
+		config.Routing.Router.Use = "matrix"
+	} else {
+		config.Routing.Router.Use = "group"
+	}
+	config.Routing.Router.Settings.Matrix = config.Matrix
+	config.Routing.Router.Settings.Groups = config.Groups
+
+	// This fork defaults to the "serial" scheduler: one model loaded at a time,
+	// requests served in strict arrival order. Set use: fifo for the upstream
+	// throughput-oriented behavior that batches same-model requests.
+	if config.Routing.Scheduler.Use == "" {
+		config.Routing.Scheduler.Use = "serial"
+	}
+	switch config.Routing.Scheduler.Use {
+	case "fifo", "serial":
+	default:
+		return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("routing.scheduler.use: unknown scheduler %q (valid: fifo, serial)", config.Routing.Scheduler.Use)
+	}
+	for modelID := range config.Routing.Scheduler.Settings.Fifo.Priority {
+		if _, found := config.RealModelName(modelID); !found {
+			return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("routing.scheduler.settings.fifo.priority references unknown model %q", modelID)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Clean up hooks preload
+	if len(config.Hooks.OnStartup.Preload) > 0 {
+		var toPreload []string
+		for _, modelID := range config.Hooks.OnStartup.Preload {
+			modelID = strings.TrimSpace(modelID)
+			if modelID == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if real, found := config.RealModelName(modelID); found {
+				toPreload = append(toPreload, real)
+			}
+		}
+		config.Hooks.OnStartup.Preload = toPreload
+	}
+
+	// Validate API keys (env macros already substituted at string level)
+	for i, apikey := range config.RequiredAPIKeys {
+		if apikey == "" {
+			return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("empty api key found in apiKeys")
+		}
+		if strings.Contains(apikey, " ") {
+			return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("apiKeys[%d]: api key cannot contain spaces", i)
+		}
+		config.RequiredAPIKeys[i] = apikey
+	}
+
+	// Process peers with global macro substitution
+	for peerName, peerConfig := range config.Peers {
+		// Substitute global macros (LIFO order)
+		for i := len(config.Macros) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+			entry := config.Macros[i]
+			macroSlug := fmt.Sprintf("${%s}", entry.Name)
+			macroStr := fmt.Sprintf("%v", entry.Value)
+
+			peerConfig.ApiKey = strings.ReplaceAll(peerConfig.ApiKey, macroSlug, macroStr)
+			peerConfig.Filters.StripParams = strings.ReplaceAll(peerConfig.Filters.StripParams, macroSlug, macroStr)
+
+			// Substitute in setParams (type-preserving)
+			if len(peerConfig.Filters.SetParams) > 0 {
+				result, err := substituteMacroInValue(peerConfig.Filters.SetParams, entry.Name, entry.Value)
+				if err != nil {
+					return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("peers.%s.filters.setParams: %w", peerName, err)
+				}
+				peerConfig.Filters.SetParams = result.(map[string]any)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Validate no unknown macros remain
+		if matches := macroPatternRegex.FindAllStringSubmatch(peerConfig.ApiKey, -1); len(matches) > 0 {
+			return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("peers.%s.apiKey: unknown macro '${%s}'", peerName, matches[0][1])
+		}
+		if matches := macroPatternRegex.FindAllStringSubmatch(peerConfig.Filters.StripParams, -1); len(matches) > 0 {
+			return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("peers.%s.filters.stripParams: unknown macro '${%s}'", peerName, matches[0][1])
+		}
+		if len(peerConfig.Filters.SetParams) > 0 {
+			if err := validateNestedForUnknownMacros(peerConfig.Filters.SetParams, fmt.Sprintf("peers.%s.filters.setParams", peerName)); err != nil {
+				return Config{}, err
+			}
+		}
+		config.Peers[peerName] = peerConfig
+	}
+
+	return config, nil
+}

internal/config/macro_in_macro_test.go

@@ -104,6 +104,62 @@ models:
 	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "self-reference")
 }
 
+// Test macro substitution in name and description fields
+func TestConfig_MacroInNameAndDescription(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+startPort: 10000
+macros:
+  "VARIANT": "Q4_K_M"
+  "FAMILY": "llama"
+
+models:
+  my-model:
+    cmd: echo ok
+    proxy: http://localhost:8080
+    name: "${FAMILY} ${VARIANT}"
+    description: "A ${FAMILY} model in ${VARIANT} format"
+`
+
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "llama Q4_K_M", config.Models["my-model"].Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, "A llama model in Q4_K_M format", config.Models["my-model"].Description)
+}
+
+// Test MODEL_ID macro in name and description fields
+func TestConfig_ModelIDInNameAndDescription(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+startPort: 10000
+models:
+  llama-3b:
+    cmd: echo ok
+    proxy: http://localhost:8080
+    name: "Model: ${MODEL_ID}"
+    description: "Running ${MODEL_ID}"
+`
+
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Model: llama-3b", config.Models["llama-3b"].Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Running llama-3b", config.Models["llama-3b"].Description)
+}
+
+// Test unknown macro in name or description returns an error
+func TestConfig_UnknownMacroInNameDescription(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+startPort: 10000
+models:
+  test:
+    cmd: echo ok
+    proxy: http://localhost:8080
+    name: "Model ${UNDEFINED}"
+`
+
+	_, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "UNDEFINED")
+}
+
 // Test undefined macro reference error
 func TestConfig_UndefinedMacroReference(t *testing.T) {
 	content := `

internal/config/macros.go

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+var (
+	macroNameRegex    = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$`)
+	macroPatternRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`\$\{([a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)\}`)
+	envMacroRegex     = regexp.MustCompile(`\$\{env\.([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)\}`)
+)
+
+// validateMacro validates macro name and value constraints
+func validateMacro(name string, value any) error {
+	if len(name) >= 64 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("macro name '%s' exceeds maximum length of 63 characters", name)
+	}
+	if !macroNameRegex.MatchString(name) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("macro name '%s' contains invalid characters, must match pattern ^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$", name)
+	}
+
+	// Validate that value is a scalar type
+	switch v := value.(type) {
+	case string:
+		// Check for self-reference
+		macroSlug := fmt.Sprintf("${%s}", name)
+		if strings.Contains(v, macroSlug) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("macro '%s' contains self-reference", name)
+		}
+	case int, int8, int16, int32, int64, uint, uint8, uint16, uint32, uint64, float32, float64, bool:
+		// These types are allowed
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("macro '%s' has invalid type %T, must be a scalar type (string, int, float, or bool)", name, value)
+	}
+
+	switch name {
+	case "PORT", "MODEL_ID":
+		return fmt.Errorf("macro name '%s' is reserved", name)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// validateNestedForUnknownMacros recursively checks for any remaining macro references in nested structures
+func validateNestedForUnknownMacros(value any, context string) error {
+	switch v := value.(type) {
+	case string:
+		matches := macroPatternRegex.FindAllStringSubmatch(v, -1)
+		for _, match := range matches {
+			macroName := match[1]
+			return fmt.Errorf("%s: unknown macro '${%s}'", context, macroName)
+		}
+		// Check for unsubstituted env macros
+		envMatches := envMacroRegex.FindAllStringSubmatch(v, -1)
+		for _, match := range envMatches {
+			varName := match[1]
+			return fmt.Errorf("%s: environment variable '%s' not set", context, varName)
+		}
+		return nil
+
+	case map[string]any:
+		for _, val := range v {
+			if err := validateNestedForUnknownMacros(val, context); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+
+	case []any:
+		for _, val := range v {
+			if err := validateNestedForUnknownMacros(val, context); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+
+	default:
+		// Scalar types don't contain macros
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// substituteMacroInValue recursively substitutes a single macro in a value structure
+// This is called once per macro, allowing LIFO substitution order
+func substituteMacroInValue(value any, macroName string, macroValue any) (any, error) {
+	macroSlug := fmt.Sprintf("${%s}", macroName)
+	macroStr := fmt.Sprintf("%v", macroValue)
+
+	switch v := value.(type) {
+	case string:
+		// Check if this is a direct macro substitution
+		if v == macroSlug {
+			return macroValue, nil
+		}
+		// Handle string interpolation
+		if strings.Contains(v, macroSlug) {
+			return strings.ReplaceAll(v, macroSlug, macroStr), nil
+		}
+		return v, nil
+
+	case map[string]any:
+		// Recursively process map values
+		newMap := make(map[string]any)
+		for key, val := range v {
+			newVal, err := substituteMacroInValue(val, macroName, macroValue)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			newMap[key] = newVal
+		}
+		return newMap, nil
+
+	case []any:
+		// Recursively process slice elements
+		newSlice := make([]any, len(v))
+		for i, val := range v {
+			newVal, err := substituteMacroInValue(val, macroName, macroValue)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			newSlice[i] = newVal
+		}
+		return newSlice, nil
+
+	default:
+		// Return scalar types as-is
+		return value, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// substituteEnvMacros replaces ${env.VAR_NAME} with environment variable values.
+// Returns error if any referenced env var is not set or contains invalid characters.
+// Env macros inside YAML comments are ignored by unmarshalling the YAML first
+// (which strips comments) and only checking the comment-free version for macros.
+func substituteEnvMacros(s string) (string, error) {
+	// Unmarshal and remarshal to strip YAML comments
+	var raw any
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal([]byte(s), &raw); err != nil {
+		// If YAML is invalid, fall back to scanning the original string
+		// so the user gets the env var error rather than a confusing YAML parse error
+		return substituteEnvMacrosInString(s, s)
+	}
+	clean, err := yaml.Marshal(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return substituteEnvMacrosInString(s, s)
+	}
+
+	return substituteEnvMacrosInString(s, string(clean))
+}
+
+// substituteEnvMacrosInString finds ${env.VAR} macros in scanStr and substitutes
+// them in target. This separation allows scanning comment-free YAML while
+// substituting in the original string.
+func substituteEnvMacrosInString(target, scanStr string) (string, error) {
+	result := target
+	matches := envMacroRegex.FindAllStringSubmatch(scanStr, -1)
+	for _, match := range matches {
+		fullMatch := match[0] // ${env.VAR_NAME}
+		varName := match[1]   // VAR_NAME
+
+		value, exists := os.LookupEnv(varName)
+		if !exists {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("environment variable '%s' is not set", varName)
+		}
+
+		// Sanitize the value for safe YAML substitution
+		value, err := sanitizeEnvValueForYAML(value, varName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+
+		result = strings.ReplaceAll(result, fullMatch, value)
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// sanitizeEnvValueForYAML ensures an environment variable value is safe for YAML substitution.
+// It rejects values with characters that break YAML structure and escapes quotes/backslashes
+// for compatibility with double-quoted YAML strings.
+func sanitizeEnvValueForYAML(value, varName string) (string, error) {
+	// Reject values that would break YAML structure regardless of quoting context
+	if strings.ContainsAny(value, "\n\r\x00") {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("environment variable '%s' contains newlines or null bytes which are not allowed in YAML substitution", varName)
+	}
+
+	// Escape backslashes and double quotes for safe use in double-quoted YAML strings.
+	// In unquoted contexts, these escapes appear literally (harmless for most use cases).
+	// In double-quoted contexts, they are interpreted correctly.
+	value = strings.ReplaceAll(value, `\`, `\\`)
+	value = strings.ReplaceAll(value, `"`, `\"`)
+
+	return value, nil
+}

internal/config/matrix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"regexp"
+	"sort"
+
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+var varKeyPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-zA-Z0-9]{1,8}$`)
+
+// MatrixConfig represents the swap matrix configuration block.
+type MatrixConfig struct {
+	Var        map[string]string `yaml:"vars"`
+	EvictCosts map[string]int    `yaml:"evict_costs"`
+	Sets       OrderedSets       `yaml:"sets"`
+
+	// populated by ValidateMatrix; not settable from yaml
+	ExpandedSets []ExpandedSet `yaml:"-"`
+}
+
+// SetEntry is a single named set with its DSL expression.
+type SetEntry struct {
+	Name string
+	DSL  string
+}
+
+// OrderedSets preserves YAML definition order of sets (used for tie-breaking).
+type OrderedSets []SetEntry
+
+func (os *OrderedSets) UnmarshalYAML(value *yaml.Node) error {
+	if value.Kind != yaml.MappingNode {
+		return fmt.Errorf("sets must be a mapping")
+	}
+
+	entries := make([]SetEntry, 0, len(value.Content)/2)
+	for i := 0; i < len(value.Content); i += 2 {
+		keyNode := value.Content[i]
+		valueNode := value.Content[i+1]
+
+		var name string
+		if err := keyNode.Decode(&name); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode set name: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		var dsl string
+		if err := valueNode.Decode(&dsl); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode DSL for set %q: %w", name, err)
+		}
+
+		entries = append(entries, SetEntry{Name: name, DSL: dsl})
+	}
+
+	*os = entries
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ExpandedSet is one valid combination of concurrent models (real model names).
+type ExpandedSet struct {
+	SetName string
+	DSL     string
+	Models  []string // real model names, sorted
+}
+
+// ValidateMatrix validates the matrix config and returns all expanded sets.
+func ValidateMatrix(matrix MatrixConfig, models map[string]ModelConfig) ([]ExpandedSet, error) {
+	if len(matrix.Sets) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("matrix must define at least one set")
+	}
+
+	if len(matrix.Var) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("matrix must define at least one var")
+	}
+
+	// Validate var entries
+	if matrix.Var != nil {
+		for id, modelName := range matrix.Var {
+			if !varKeyPattern.MatchString(id) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("var key %q must be alphanumeric and 1-8 characters", id)
+			}
+			if _, exists := models[modelName]; !exists {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("var key %q references unknown model %q", id, modelName)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Validate evict_costs
+	if matrix.EvictCosts != nil {
+		for key, cost := range matrix.EvictCosts {
+			if cost <= 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("evict_cost for %q must be a positive integer, got %d", key, cost)
+			}
+			if _, ok := matrix.Var[key]; !ok {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("evict_costs: unknown var ID %q", key)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Build dependency graph for +ref topological sort
+	setNames := make(map[string]bool)
+	for _, entry := range matrix.Sets {
+		setNames[entry.Name] = true
+	}
+
+	deps := make(map[string][]string) // setName -> set names it depends on
+	for _, entry := range matrix.Sets {
+		refs, err := extractRefs(entry.DSL)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("set %q: %w", entry.Name, err)
+		}
+		for _, ref := range refs {
+			if !setNames[ref] {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("set %q references undefined set %q", entry.Name, ref)
+			}
+		}
+		deps[entry.Name] = refs
+	}
+
+	// Topological sort with cycle detection
+	order, err := topologicalSort(matrix.Sets, deps)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Expand sets in topological order
+	resolvedRefs := make(map[string][][]string) // set name -> expanded alias-level combos
+	var allExpanded []ExpandedSet
+	totalCombinations := 0
+
+	// Build ordered map for efficient lookup
+	setDSL := make(map[string]string)
+	for _, entry := range matrix.Sets {
+		setDSL[entry.Name] = entry.DSL
+	}
+
+	for _, name := range order {
+		dsl := setDSL[name]
+		combos, err := ParseAndExpandDSL(dsl, resolvedRefs)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("set %q: %w", name, err)
+		}
+
+		resolvedRefs[name] = combos
+
+		// Resolve var IDs to real model names
+		for _, combo := range combos {
+			resolved := make([]string, len(combo))
+			for i, ident := range combo {
+				realName, ok := matrix.Var[ident]
+				if !ok {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("set %q: unknown var ID %q", name, ident)
+				}
+				resolved[i] = realName
+			}
+			sort.Strings(resolved)
+			allExpanded = append(allExpanded, ExpandedSet{
+				SetName: name,
+				DSL:     dsl,
+				Models:  resolved,
+			})
+		}
+
+		totalCombinations += len(combos)
+		if totalCombinations > maxDSLExpansions {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("total expanded combinations (%d) exceed limit of %d", totalCombinations, maxDSLExpansions)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return allExpanded, nil
+}
+
+// topologicalSort returns set names in dependency order.
+// Returns an error if a cycle is detected.
+func topologicalSort(sets OrderedSets, deps map[string][]string) ([]string, error) {
+	// States: 0 = unvisited, 1 = visiting, 2 = visited
+	state := make(map[string]int)
+	var order []string
+
+	var visit func(name string) error
+	visit = func(name string) error {
+		switch state[name] {
+		case 1:
+			return fmt.Errorf("circular reference detected involving set %q", name)
+		case 2:
+			return nil
+		}
+		state[name] = 1
+
+		for _, dep := range deps[name] {
+			if err := visit(dep); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
+		state[name] = 2
+		order = append(order, name)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Visit in definition order for deterministic output
+	for _, entry := range sets {
+		if state[entry.Name] == 0 {
+			if err := visit(entry.Name); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return order, nil
+}
+
+// ResolvedEvictCosts returns a map of real model name -> evict cost,
+// resolving var IDs. Models not listed default to 1.
+func (m *MatrixConfig) ResolvedEvictCosts() map[string]int {
+	costs := make(map[string]int)
+	if m.EvictCosts == nil {
+		return costs
+	}
+	for key, cost := range m.EvictCosts {
+		// Resolve var ID if present
+		if realName, ok := m.Var[key]; ok {
+			costs[realName] = cost
+		} else {
+			costs[key] = cost
+		}
+	}
+	return costs
+}

internal/config/matrix_dsl.go

@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
+)
+
+const maxDSLExpansions = 1000
+
+// Token types for the DSL lexer
+type tokenType int
+
+const (
+	tokIdent  tokenType = iota // model alias or name
+	tokAnd                     // &
+	tokOr                      // |
+	tokLParen                  // (
+	tokRParen                  // )
+	tokRef                     // +setName
+	tokEOF
+)
+
+type token struct {
+	typ tokenType
+	val string
+}
+
+// tokenize splits a DSL string into tokens.
+func tokenize(input string) ([]token, error) {
+	var tokens []token
+	i := 0
+	runes := []rune(input)
+
+	for i < len(runes) {
+		ch := runes[i]
+
+		// skip whitespace
+		if unicode.IsSpace(ch) {
+			i++
+			continue
+		}
+
+		switch ch {
+		case '&':
+			tokens = append(tokens, token{tokAnd, "&"})
+			i++
+		case '|':
+			tokens = append(tokens, token{tokOr, "|"})
+			i++
+		case '(':
+			tokens = append(tokens, token{tokLParen, "("})
+			i++
+		case ')':
+			tokens = append(tokens, token{tokRParen, ")"})
+			i++
+		case '+':
+			// +ref: read the identifier that follows
+			i++
+			start := i
+			for i < len(runes) && isIdentChar(runes[i]) {
+				i++
+			}
+			if i == start {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected set name after '+' at position %d", start)
+			}
+			tokens = append(tokens, token{tokRef, string(runes[start:i])})
+		default:
+			if isIdentChar(ch) {
+				start := i
+				for i < len(runes) && isIdentChar(runes[i]) {
+					i++
+				}
+				tokens = append(tokens, token{tokIdent, string(runes[start:i])})
+			} else {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected character %q at position %d", ch, i)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	tokens = append(tokens, token{tokEOF, ""})
+	return tokens, nil
+}
+
+func isIdentChar(ch rune) bool {
+	return unicode.IsLetter(ch) || unicode.IsDigit(ch) || ch == '_' || ch == '-' || ch == '.'
+}
+
+// AST node types
+type dslNode interface {
+	dslNode()
+}
+
+type andNode struct {
+	children []dslNode
+}
+
+type orNode struct {
+	children []dslNode
+}
+
+type leafNode struct {
+	name string
+}
+
+type refNode struct {
+	setName string
+}
+
+func (andNode) dslNode()  {}
+func (orNode) dslNode()   {}
+func (leafNode) dslNode() {}
+func (refNode) dslNode()  {}
+
+// parser holds state for recursive-descent parsing.
+type parser struct {
+	tokens []token
+	pos    int
+}
+
+func (p *parser) peek() token {
+	if p.pos < len(p.tokens) {
+		return p.tokens[p.pos]
+	}
+	return token{tokEOF, ""}
+}
+
+func (p *parser) next() token {
+	t := p.peek()
+	if t.typ != tokEOF {
+		p.pos++
+	}
+	return t
+}
+
+func (p *parser) expect(typ tokenType) (token, error) {
+	t := p.next()
+	if t.typ != typ {
+		return t, fmt.Errorf("expected token type %d, got %q", typ, t.val)
+	}
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+// Grammar:
+//
+//	expr    = andExpr
+//	andExpr = orExpr ('&' orExpr)*
+//	orExpr  = atom ('|' atom)*
+//	atom    = ident | '+' ident | '(' expr ')'
+//
+// & binds tighter than |, so "a | b & c" means "a | (b & c)"
+func parse(tokens []token) (dslNode, error) {
+	p := &parser{tokens: tokens}
+	node, err := p.parseExpr()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if p.peek().typ != tokEOF {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected token %q after expression", p.peek().val)
+	}
+	return node, nil
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parseExpr() (dslNode, error) {
+	return p.parseOrExpr()
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parseOrExpr() (dslNode, error) {
+	left, err := p.parseAndExpr()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if p.peek().typ == tokOr {
+		children := []dslNode{left}
+		for p.peek().typ == tokOr {
+			p.next() // consume |
+			right, err := p.parseAndExpr()
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			children = append(children, right)
+		}
+		return orNode{children: children}, nil
+	}
+
+	return left, nil
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parseAndExpr() (dslNode, error) {
+	left, err := p.parseAtom()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if p.peek().typ == tokAnd {
+		children := []dslNode{left}
+		for p.peek().typ == tokAnd {
+			p.next() // consume &
+			right, err := p.parseAtom()
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			children = append(children, right)
+		}
+		return andNode{children: children}, nil
+	}
+
+	return left, nil
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parseAtom() (dslNode, error) {
+	t := p.peek()
+
+	switch t.typ {
+	case tokIdent:
+		p.next()
+		return leafNode{name: t.val}, nil
+
+	case tokRef:
+		p.next()
+		return refNode{setName: t.val}, nil
+
+	case tokLParen:
+		p.next() // consume (
+		node, err := p.parseExpr()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if _, err := p.expect(tokRParen); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing closing parenthesis")
+		}
+		return node, nil
+
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected token %q", t.val)
+	}
+}
+
+// expand walks the AST and produces all combinations.
+// resolvedRefs contains previously expanded sets for +ref resolution.
+func expand(node dslNode, resolvedRefs map[string][][]string) ([][]string, error) {
+	switch n := node.(type) {
+	case leafNode:
+		return [][]string{{n.name}}, nil
+
+	case refNode:
+		expanded, ok := resolvedRefs[n.setName]
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown set reference +%s", n.setName)
+		}
+		// Return a copy
+		result := make([][]string, len(expanded))
+		for i, combo := range expanded {
+			result[i] = make([]string, len(combo))
+			copy(result[i], combo)
+		}
+		return result, nil
+
+	case orNode:
+		// Union of all children's expansions
+		var result [][]string
+		for _, child := range n.children {
+			childResult, err := expand(child, resolvedRefs)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			result = append(result, childResult...)
+			if len(result) > maxDSLExpansions {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("DSL expansion exceeded %d combinations", maxDSLExpansions)
+			}
+		}
+		return result, nil
+
+	case andNode:
+		// Cartesian product across children
+		result := [][]string{{}} // start with one empty combo
+		for _, child := range n.children {
+			childResult, err := expand(child, resolvedRefs)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			result, err = cartesianProduct(result, childResult, maxDSLExpansions)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+		return result, nil
+
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown node type %T", node)
+	}
+}
+
+// cartesianProduct computes the cartesian product of two sets of combinations.
+// It returns an error if the product would exceed cap.
+func cartesianProduct(left, right [][]string, cap int) ([][]string, error) {
+	if int64(len(left))*int64(len(right)) > int64(cap) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("DSL expansion exceeded %d combinations", cap)
+	}
+	result := make([][]string, 0, len(left)*len(right))
+	for _, l := range left {
+		for _, r := range right {
+			combo := make([]string, 0, len(l)+len(r))
+			combo = append(combo, l...)
+			combo = append(combo, r...)
+			result = append(result, combo)
+		}
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// ParseAndExpandDSL tokenizes, parses, and expands a DSL string.
+// resolvedRefs contains previously expanded sets for +ref inlining.
+func ParseAndExpandDSL(dsl string, resolvedRefs map[string][][]string) ([][]string, error) {
+	dsl = strings.TrimSpace(dsl)
+	if dsl == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("empty DSL expression")
+	}
+
+	tokens, err := tokenize(dsl)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("tokenize: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	tree, err := parse(tokens)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	result, err := expand(tree, resolvedRefs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Deduplicate models within each combination and sort for consistency
+	for i, combo := range result {
+		result[i] = dedupAndSort(combo)
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// dedupAndSort removes duplicate entries and sorts alphabetically.
+func dedupAndSort(items []string) []string {
+	seen := make(map[string]bool, len(items))
+	var unique []string
+	for _, item := range items {
+		if !seen[item] {
+			seen[item] = true
+			unique = append(unique, item)
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(unique)
+	return unique
+}
+
+// extractRefs scans a DSL string for +ref tokens without full parsing.
+// Used for building the dependency graph for topological sorting.
+func extractRefs(dsl string) ([]string, error) {
+	tokens, err := tokenize(dsl)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var refs []string
+	seen := make(map[string]bool)
+	for _, t := range tokens {
+		if t.typ == tokRef && !seen[t.val] {
+			seen[t.val] = true
+			refs = append(refs, t.val)
+		}
+	}
+	return refs, nil
+}

internal/config/matrix_dsl_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestDSL_Tokenize(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		input  string
+		expect []token
+		errMsg string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "single identifier",
+			input: "abc",
+			expect: []token{
+				{tokIdent, "abc"},
+				{tokEOF, ""},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "identifier with hyphens and dots",
+			input: "model-name.v2",
+			expect: []token{
+				{tokIdent, "model-name.v2"},
+				{tokEOF, ""},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "and expression",
+			input: "a & b",
+			expect: []token{
+				{tokIdent, "a"},
+				{tokAnd, "&"},
+				{tokIdent, "b"},
+				{tokEOF, ""},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "or expression",
+			input: "a | b",
+			expect: []token{
+				{tokIdent, "a"},
+				{tokOr, "|"},
+				{tokIdent, "b"},
+				{tokEOF, ""},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "parentheses",
+			input: "(a | b) & c",
+			expect: []token{
+				{tokLParen, "("},
+				{tokIdent, "a"},
+				{tokOr, "|"},
+				{tokIdent, "b"},
+				{tokRParen, ")"},
+				{tokAnd, "&"},
+				{tokIdent, "c"},
+				{tokEOF, ""},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "ref token",
+			input: "+llms & v",
+			expect: []token{
+				{tokRef, "llms"},
+				{tokAnd, "&"},
+				{tokIdent, "v"},
+				{tokEOF, ""},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "no whitespace",
+			input: "(a|b)&c",
+			expect: []token{
+				{tokLParen, "("},
+				{tokIdent, "a"},
+				{tokOr, "|"},
+				{tokIdent, "b"},
+				{tokRParen, ")"},
+				{tokAnd, "&"},
+				{tokIdent, "c"},
+				{tokEOF, ""},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "empty ref",
+			input:  "+",
+			errMsg: "expected set name after '+'",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "invalid character",
+			input:  "a @ b",
+			errMsg: "unexpected character",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			tokens, err := tokenize(tt.input)
+			if tt.errMsg != "" {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+				assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.errMsg)
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.expect, tokens)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDSL_ParseAndExpand(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		dsl    string
+		refs   map[string][][]string
+		expect [][]string
+		errMsg string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:   "single model",
+			dsl:    "L",
+			expect: [][]string{{"L"}},
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "two models with AND",
+			dsl:    "a & b",
+			expect: [][]string{{"a", "b"}},
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "two models with OR",
+			dsl:    "a | b",
+			expect: [][]string{{"a"}, {"b"}},
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "three models with OR",
+			dsl:    "a | b | c",
+			expect: [][]string{{"a"}, {"b"}, {"c"}},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "cartesian product (a|b) & (c|d)",
+			dsl:  "(a | b) & (c | d)",
+			expect: [][]string{
+				{"a", "c"},
+				{"a", "d"},
+				{"b", "c"},
+				{"b", "d"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "three-way AND",
+			dsl:  "a & b & c",
+			expect: [][]string{
+				{"a", "b", "c"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "(g | q | m) & v",
+			dsl:  "(g | q | m) & v",
+			expect: [][]string{
+				{"g", "v"},
+				{"q", "v"},
+				{"m", "v"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "(g | q) & v & e",
+			dsl:  "(g | q) & v & e",
+			expect: [][]string{
+				{"e", "g", "v"},
+				{"e", "q", "v"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "precedence: a | b & c means a | (b & c)",
+			dsl:  "a | b & c",
+			expect: [][]string{
+				{"a"},
+				{"b", "c"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "+ref inlining",
+			dsl:  "+llms & v",
+			refs: map[string][][]string{
+				"llms": {{"g"}, {"q"}, {"m"}},
+			},
+			expect: [][]string{
+				{"g", "v"},
+				{"q", "v"},
+				{"m", "v"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "+ref chained",
+			dsl:  "+with_tts & e",
+			refs: map[string][][]string{
+				"with_tts": {{"g", "v"}, {"q", "v"}, {"m", "v"}},
+			},
+			expect: [][]string{
+				{"e", "g", "v"},
+				{"e", "q", "v"},
+				{"e", "m", "v"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "dedup within combination",
+			dsl:  "a & a",
+			expect: [][]string{
+				{"a"},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "empty expression",
+			dsl:    "",
+			errMsg: "empty DSL expression",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "unmatched open paren",
+			dsl:    "(a | b",
+			errMsg: "missing closing parenthesis",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "unmatched close paren",
+			dsl:    "a | b)",
+			errMsg: "unexpected token",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "unknown ref",
+			dsl:    "+unknown",
+			errMsg: "unknown set reference +unknown",
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "empty parens",
+			dsl:    "()",
+			errMsg: "unexpected token",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			refs := tt.refs
+			if refs == nil {
+				refs = map[string][][]string{}
+			}
+			result, err := ParseAndExpandDSL(tt.dsl, refs)
+			if tt.errMsg != "" {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+				assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.errMsg)
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.expect, result)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDSL_ExpansionCap(t *testing.T) {
+	// Build an expression that would exceed 1000 combinations:
+	// (a1|a2|...|a32) & (b1|b2|...|b32) = 1024 combos
+	var aItems, bItems []string
+	for i := 0; i < 32; i++ {
+		aItems = append(aItems, fmt.Sprintf("a%d", i))
+		bItems = append(bItems, fmt.Sprintf("b%d", i))
+	}
+	dsl := fmt.Sprintf("(%s) & (%s)",
+		join(aItems, " | "),
+		join(bItems, " | "),
+	)
+	_, err := ParseAndExpandDSL(dsl, map[string][][]string{})
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "exceeded")
+}
+
+func TestDSL_ExtractRefs(t *testing.T) {
+	refs, err := extractRefs("+llms & v & +other")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"llms", "other"}, refs)
+
+	refs, err = extractRefs("a & b")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, refs)
+}
+
+func join(items []string, sep string) string {
+	result := ""
+	for i, item := range items {
+		if i > 0 {
+			result += sep
+		}
+		result += item
+	}
+	return result
+}

internal/config/matrix_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func makeModels(names ...string) map[string]ModelConfig {
+	m := make(map[string]ModelConfig)
+	for _, name := range names {
+		m[name] = ModelConfig{Cmd: "echo " + name}
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
+func TestValidateMatrix_Basic(t *testing.T) {
+	models := makeModels("gemma", "qwen", "mistral", "voxtral", "llama70B")
+
+	matrix := MatrixConfig{
+		Var: map[string]string{
+			"g": "gemma",
+			"q": "qwen",
+			"m": "mistral",
+			"v": "voxtral",
+			"L": "llama70B",
+		},
+		EvictCosts: map[string]int{
+			"L": 30,
+			"v": 50,
+		},
+		Sets: OrderedSets{
+			{Name: "standard", DSL: "(g | q | m) & v"},
+			{Name: "full", DSL: "L"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	expanded, err := ValidateMatrix(matrix, models)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// standard expands to [gemma,voxtral], [qwen,voxtral], [mistral,voxtral]
+	// full expands to [llama70B]
+	assert.Len(t, expanded, 4)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "standard", expanded[0].SetName)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"gemma", "voxtral"}, expanded[0].Models)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "standard", expanded[1].SetName)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"qwen", "voxtral"}, expanded[1].Models)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "standard", expanded[2].SetName)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"mistral", "voxtral"}, expanded[2].Models)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "full", expanded[3].SetName)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"llama70B"}, expanded[3].Models)
+}
+
+func TestValidateMatrix_WithRef(t *testing.T) {
+	models := makeModels("gemma", "qwen", "mistral", "voxtral", "reranker")
+
+	matrix := MatrixConfig{
+		Var: map[string]string{
+			"g": "gemma",
+			"q": "qwen",
+			"m": "mistral",
+			"v": "voxtral",
+			"e": "reranker",
+		},
+		Sets: OrderedSets{
+			{Name: "llms", DSL: "g | q | m"},
+			{Name: "with_tts", DSL: "+llms & v"},
+			{Name: "mega", DSL: "+with_tts & e"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	expanded, err := ValidateMatrix(matrix, models)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// llms: [gemma], [qwen], [mistral]
+	// with_tts: [gemma,voxtral], [qwen,voxtral], [mistral,voxtral]
+	// mega: [gemma,reranker,voxtral], [qwen,reranker,voxtral], [mistral,reranker,voxtral]
+	assert.Len(t, expanded, 9)
+
+	// Check mega entries
+	megaEntries := filterBySetName(expanded, "mega")
+	assert.Len(t, megaEntries, 3)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"gemma", "reranker", "voxtral"}, megaEntries[0].Models)
+}
+
+func TestValidateMatrix_MapIDRequired(t *testing.T) {
+	// DSL cannot use real model names directly — must use var IDs
+	models := makeModels("gemma", "voxtral")
+
+	matrix := MatrixConfig{
+		Var: map[string]string{"g": "gemma"},
+		Sets: OrderedSets{
+			{Name: "combo", DSL: "g & voxtral"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	_, err := ValidateMatrix(matrix, models)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "unknown var ID")
+}
+
+func TestValidateMatrix_InvalidAliasKey(t *testing.T) {
+	models := makeModels("gemma")
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		alias  string
+		errMsg string
+	}{
+		{"too long", "abcdefghi", "alphanumeric and 1-8 characters"},
+		{"has underscore", "a_b", "alphanumeric and 1-8 characters"},
+		{"has hyphen", "a-b", "alphanumeric and 1-8 characters"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			matrix := MatrixConfig{
+				Var:  map[string]string{tt.alias: "gemma"},
+				Sets: OrderedSets{{Name: "s", DSL: tt.alias}},
+			}
+			_, err := ValidateMatrix(matrix, models)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.errMsg)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateMatrix_AliasReferencesUnknownModel(t *testing.T) {
+	models := makeModels("gemma")
+
+	matrix := MatrixConfig{
+		Var:  map[string]string{"x": "nonexistent"},
+		Sets: OrderedSets{{Name: "s", DSL: "x"}},
+	}
+
+	_, err := ValidateMatrix(matrix, models)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "unknown model")
+}
+
+func TestValidateMatrix_EvictCostInvalid(t *testing.T) {
+	models := makeModels("gemma")
+
+	t.Run("zero cost", func(t *testing.T) {
+		matrix := MatrixConfig{
+			Var:        map[string]string{"g": "gemma"},
+			EvictCosts: map[string]int{"g": 0},
+			Sets:       OrderedSets{{Name: "s", DSL: "g"}},
+		}
+		_, err := ValidateMatrix(matrix, models)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "positive integer")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("negative cost", func(t *testing.T) {
+		matrix := MatrixConfig{
+			Var:        map[string]string{"g": "gemma"},
+			EvictCosts: map[string]int{"g": -1},
+			Sets:       OrderedSets{{Name: "s", DSL: "g"}},
+		}
+		_, err := ValidateMatrix(matrix, models)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "positive integer")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("unknown var ID in evict_costs", func(t *testing.T) {
+		matrix := MatrixConfig{
+			Var:        map[string]string{"g": "gemma"},
+			EvictCosts: map[string]int{"unknown": 5},
+			Sets:       OrderedSets{{Name: "s", DSL: "g"}},
+		}
+		_, err := ValidateMatrix(matrix, models)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "unknown var ID")
+	})
+}
+
+func TestValidateMatrix_CycleDetection(t *testing.T) {
+	models := makeModels("gemma")
+
+	matrix := MatrixConfig{
+		Var: map[string]string{"g": "gemma"},
+		Sets: OrderedSets{
+			{Name: "a", DSL: "+b"},
+			{Name: "b", DSL: "+a"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	_, err := ValidateMatrix(matrix, models)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "circular reference")
+}
+
+func TestValidateMatrix_UndefinedRefTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	models := makeModels("gemma")
+
+	matrix := MatrixConfig{
+		Var: map[string]string{"g": "gemma"},
+		Sets: OrderedSets{
+			{Name: "a", DSL: "+nonexistent"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	_, err := ValidateMatrix(matrix, models)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "references undefined set")
+}
+
+func TestValidateMatrix_NoSets(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := ValidateMatrix(MatrixConfig{}, makeModels("gemma"))
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "at least one set")
+}
+
+func TestValidateMatrix_UnknownMapIDInDSL(t *testing.T) {
+	models := makeModels("gemma")
+
+	matrix := MatrixConfig{
+		Var: map[string]string{"g": "gemma"},
+		Sets: OrderedSets{
+			{Name: "s", DSL: "g & nonexistent"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	_, err := ValidateMatrix(matrix, models)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "unknown var ID")
+}
+
+func TestValidateMatrix_ResolvedEvictCosts(t *testing.T) {
+	mc := &MatrixConfig{
+		Var: map[string]string{
+			"g": "gemma",
+			"L": "llama70B",
+		},
+		EvictCosts: map[string]int{
+			"L": 30,
+			"g": 5,
+		},
+	}
+
+	costs := mc.ResolvedEvictCosts()
+	assert.Equal(t, 30, costs["llama70B"])
+	assert.Equal(t, 5, costs["gemma"])
+}
+
+func TestValidateMatrix_ConfigXOR(t *testing.T) {
+	// groups and matrix both defined
+	yaml := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: echo model1
+    proxy: http://localhost:8080
+groups:
+  group1:
+    members:
+      - model1
+matrix:
+  sets:
+    s: "model1"
+`
+	_, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(yaml))
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "cannot use both")
+}
+
+func TestValidateMatrix_ConfigMatrixOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	yaml := `
+models:
+  gemma:
+    cmd: echo gemma
+    proxy: http://localhost:8080
+  qwen:
+    cmd: echo qwen
+    proxy: http://localhost:8081
+matrix:
+  vars:
+    g: gemma
+    q: qwen
+  sets:
+    combo: "g | q"
+`
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(yaml))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, cfg.Matrix)
+	assert.Len(t, cfg.Matrix.ExpandedSets, 2)
+	assert.Equal(t, "matrix", cfg.Routing.Router.Use)
+	assert.Len(t, cfg.Routing.Router.Settings.Matrix.ExpandedSets, 2)
+	// Groups should be empty when matrix is used
+	assert.Empty(t, cfg.Groups)
+}
+
+func filterBySetName(sets []ExpandedSet, name string) []ExpandedSet {
+	var result []ExpandedSet
+	for _, s := range sets {
+		if s.SetName == name {
+			result = append(result, s)
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}

internal/config/merge.go

@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+// identityMapPaths is the set of dotted paths whose direct children are
+// identity-keyed maps. A child key present in two sources is a hard error;
+// such keys name discrete entities (a model, a group, a peer, etc.) and a
+// duplicate means the user has split one entity across files by mistake.
+var identityMapPaths = map[string]bool{
+	"models":                         true,
+	"groups":                         true,
+	"profiles":                       true,
+	"peers":                          true,
+	"matrix":                         true,
+	"routing.router.settings.groups": true,
+	"routing.router.settings.matrix": true,
+}
+
+// LoadConfigSources loads and merges configuration from -config (optional)
+// and -config-dir (optional). At least one must be provided. The -config file
+// is loaded first; *.yml/*.yaml files directly under -config-dir are then
+// merged in sorted filename order. The merged document is passed through the
+// existing LoadConfigFromReader pipeline unchanged.
+func LoadConfigSources(configPath, configDir string) (Config, error) {
+	if configPath == "" && configDir == "" {
+		return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("at least one of -config or -config-dir must be provided")
+	}
+
+	var sourcePaths []string
+
+	if configPath != "" {
+		sourcePaths = append(sourcePaths, configPath)
+	}
+
+	if configDir != "" {
+		dirFiles, err := listYAMLFiles(configDir)
+		if err != nil {
+			return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("-config-dir %s: %w", configDir, err)
+		}
+
+		if configPath != "" {
+			absConfig, err := filepath.Abs(configPath)
+			if err != nil {
+				return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve -config path: %w", err)
+			}
+			for _, f := range dirFiles {
+				absF, err := filepath.Abs(f)
+				if err != nil {
+					return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve config dir file %s: %w", f, err)
+				}
+				if absConfig == absF {
+					return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("-config path %s is also present in -config-dir %s; remove it from one", configPath, configDir)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		sourcePaths = append(sourcePaths, dirFiles...)
+	}
+
+	if len(sourcePaths) == 0 {
+		return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("no configuration sources found")
+	}
+
+	var merged *yaml.Node
+	for _, p := range sourcePaths {
+		node, err := parseSource(p)
+		if err != nil {
+			return Config{}, err
+		}
+		if node == nil {
+			continue // empty file
+		}
+		if merged == nil {
+			merged = node
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := mergeNodes(merged, node, "", p); err != nil {
+			return Config{}, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if merged == nil {
+		// All sources were empty; run the pipeline on empty input so defaults
+		// and validation still apply (e.g. startPort, performance defaults).
+		return LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(""))
+	}
+
+	out, err := yaml.Marshal(merged)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Config{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal merged config: %w", err)
+	}
+	return LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(string(out)))
+}
+
+// listYAMLFiles returns the top-level *.yml and *.yaml files in dir, sorted by
+// filename for deterministic merge order. Subdirectories are not traversed.
+func listYAMLFiles(dir string) ([]string, error) {
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir(dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var files []string
+	for _, e := range entries {
+		if e.IsDir() {
+			continue
+		}
+		name := e.Name()
+		if !strings.HasSuffix(name, ".yml") && !strings.HasSuffix(name, ".yaml") {
+			continue
+		}
+		files = append(files, filepath.Join(dir, name))
+	}
+	sort.Strings(files)
+	return files, nil
+}
+
+// parseSource reads and parses one YAML config file into a root mapping node.
+// Returns a nil node (no error) when the file is empty or contains only
+// comments.
+//
+// Env macros (${env.VAR}) are substituted at the string level before YAML
+// parsing so that flow-style constructs like [${env.API_KEY}] parse
+// correctly — the brace would otherwise be interpreted as a flow mapping.
+func parseSource(path string) (*yaml.Node, error) {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read config %s: %w", path, err)
+	}
+	yamlStr, err := substituteEnvMacros(string(data))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config %s: %w", path, err)
+	}
+	var doc yaml.Node
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal([]byte(yamlStr), &doc); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse config %s: %w", path, err)
+	}
+	// yaml.Unmarshal into a yaml.Node yields a DocumentNode whose Content[0]
+	// is the actual root. Unwrap it so callers see the real top-level node.
+	root := &doc
+	if root.Kind == yaml.DocumentNode && len(root.Content) > 0 {
+		root = root.Content[0]
+	}
+	if root.Kind == 0 || root.Content == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	if root.Kind != yaml.MappingNode {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config %s: top-level YAML must be a mapping", path)
+	}
+	return root, nil
+}
+
+// mergeNodes merges src into dst (both MappingNodes) in place. Keys present in
+// only one side are kept; shared keys are merged recursively under the rules
+// in mergeValue. srcPath is included in error messages to identify the file
+// that introduced the conflict.
+func mergeNodes(dst, src *yaml.Node, path, srcPath string) error {
+	srcIdx := indexMapping(src)
+
+	// First pass: merge shared keys in place.
+	for i := 0; i+1 < len(dst.Content); i += 2 {
+		keyNode := dst.Content[i]
+		dstVal := dst.Content[i+1]
+		key := keyNode.Value
+
+		srcVal, ok := srcIdx[key]
+		if !ok {
+			continue // dst-only key, keep as-is
+		}
+
+		childPath := joinPath(path, key)
+
+		if identityMapPaths[childPath] {
+			// Identity-keyed map: each child key names a discrete entity
+			// (a model, group, peer, ...). A shared child key is a hard
+			// error; src-only children are appended in the second pass.
+			if err := mergeIdentityMap(dstVal, srcVal, childPath, key, srcPath); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if err := mergeValue(dstVal, srcVal, childPath, srcPath); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Second pass: append src-only keys.
+	dstIdx := indexMapping(dst)
+	for i := 0; i+1 < len(src.Content); i += 2 {
+		keyNode := src.Content[i]
+		srcVal := src.Content[i+1]
+		key := keyNode.Value
+
+		if _, ok := dstIdx[key]; ok {
+			continue // already merged above
+		}
+		keyCopy := *keyNode
+		valCopy := *srcVal
+		dst.Content = append(dst.Content, &keyCopy, &valCopy)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// mergeIdentityMap merges two identity-keyed mapping nodes (e.g. `models`,
+// `groups`, `peers`). Any child key present in both sides is a duplicate
+// entity and produces an error naming the conflicting key and source file.
+// src-only keys are appended to dst.
+func mergeIdentityMap(dst, src *yaml.Node, path, mapName, srcPath string) error {
+	if dst.Kind != yaml.MappingNode || src.Kind != yaml.MappingNode {
+		return fmt.Errorf("conflict at %q: expected a mapping, introduced by %s", path, srcPath)
+	}
+	dstIdx := indexMapping(dst)
+	for i := 0; i+1 < len(src.Content); i += 2 {
+		keyNode := src.Content[i]
+		srcVal := src.Content[i+1]
+		key := keyNode.Value
+		if _, dup := dstIdx[key]; dup {
+			return fmt.Errorf("duplicate %s %q found in %s (already defined in another config source)", mapName, key, srcPath)
+		}
+		keyCopy := *keyNode
+		valCopy := *srcVal
+		dst.Content = append(dst.Content, &keyCopy, &valCopy)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// mergeValue merges srcVal into dstVal (both pointing into the parent's
+// Content slice). Mapping+Mapping recurses; Sequence+Sequence concatenates;
+// Scalar+Scalar errors on value mismatch; null on either side yields to the
+// non-null side.
+func mergeValue(dstVal, srcVal *yaml.Node, path, srcPath string) error {
+	switch {
+	case dstVal.Kind == yaml.MappingNode && srcVal.Kind == yaml.MappingNode:
+		return mergeNodes(dstVal, srcVal, path, srcPath)
+
+	case dstVal.Kind == yaml.SequenceNode && srcVal.Kind == yaml.SequenceNode:
+		dstVal.Content = append(dstVal.Content, srcVal.Content...)
+		return nil
+
+	case dstVal.Kind == yaml.ScalarNode && srcVal.Kind == yaml.ScalarNode:
+		if isNullScalar(dstVal) {
+			*dstVal = *srcVal
+			return nil
+		}
+		if isNullScalar(srcVal) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if dstVal.Value == srcVal.Value && dstVal.Tag == srcVal.Tag {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("conflict at %q: %s sets a different value than a previous source", path, srcPath)
+
+	case isNull(dstVal):
+		*dstVal = *srcVal
+		return nil
+
+	case isNull(srcVal):
+		return nil
+
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("conflict at %q: incompatible YAML node kinds (kind %d vs %d) introduced by %s", path, dstVal.Kind, srcVal.Kind, srcPath)
+	}
+}
+
+// isNull reports whether n represents a YAML null (empty or !!null).
+func isNull(n *yaml.Node) bool {
+	if n == nil || n.Kind == 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+	return isNullScalar(n)
+}
+
+func isNullScalar(n *yaml.Node) bool {
+	return n.Kind == yaml.ScalarNode && (n.Tag == "!!null" || n.Tag == "") && n.Value == ""
+}
+
+// indexMapping builds a key -> value-node index for a mapping node.
+func indexMapping(n *yaml.Node) map[string]*yaml.Node {
+	idx := make(map[string]*yaml.Node, len(n.Content)/2)
+	for i := 0; i+1 < len(n.Content); i += 2 {
+		idx[n.Content[i].Value] = n.Content[i+1]
+	}
+	return idx
+}
+
+func joinPath(parent, key string) string {
+	if parent == "" {
+		return key
+	}
+	return parent + "." + key
+}

internal/config/merge_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// writeYAML writes content to a file named name inside dir. Returns the full
+// path of the written file.
+func writeYAML(t *testing.T, dir, name, content string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	p := filepath.Join(dir, name)
+	require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(p), 0o755))
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(p, []byte(content), 0o644))
+	return p
+}
+
+// modelCfg builds a single-model YAML snippet indented for nesting under a
+// `models:` key. The proxy uses a fixed port so tests don't depend on
+// ${PORT} allocation.
+func modelCfg(id, cmd string) string {
+	return "  " + id + ":\n    cmd: " + cmd + "\n    proxy: \"http://localhost:9999\"\n"
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_NeitherProvided(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := LoadConfigSources("", "")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "at least one of -config or -config-dir")
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_ConfigOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	cfgPath := writeYAML(t, dir, "config.yaml", `
+models:
+`+modelCfg("model1", "echo hi")+`
+groups:
+  group1:
+    members: ["model1"]
+`)
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigSources(cfgPath, "")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, id, ok := cfg.FindConfig("model1")
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, "model1", id)
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_DirOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "a.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("alpha", "echo a"))
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "b.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("beta", "echo b"))
+
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	for _, want := range []string{"alpha", "beta"} {
+		_, _, ok := cfg.FindConfig(want)
+		assert.True(t, ok, "model %s should be present", want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_ConfigPlusDirAdditive(t *testing.T) {
+	// -config lives outside -config-dir; both contribute models additively.
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	cfgPath := writeYAML(t, dir, "config.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("base", "echo base"))
+	cfgDir := t.TempDir()
+	writeYAML(t, cfgDir, "extra.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("ext", "echo ext"))
+
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigSources(cfgPath, cfgDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	for _, want := range []string{"base", "ext"} {
+		_, _, ok := cfg.FindConfig(want)
+		assert.True(t, ok, "model %s should be present after merge", want)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLoadConfigSources_ConfigInDirOverlap verifies that a -config file that
+// is also a member of -config-dir is rejected.
+func TestLoadConfigSources_ConfigInDirOverlap(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	cfgPath := writeYAML(t, dir, "main.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("base", "echo base"))
+
+	_, err := LoadConfigSources(cfgPath, dir)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "is also present in -config-dir")
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_DuplicateModelID(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "a.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("dup", "echo a"))
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "b.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("dup", "echo b"))
+
+	_, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), `duplicate models "dup"`)
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_DuplicateGroupID(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "a.yaml", `
+models:
+`+modelCfg("m1", "echo m1")+"groups:\n  g1:\n    members: [m1]\n")
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "b.yaml", `
+models:
+`+modelCfg("m2", "echo m2")+"groups:\n  g1:\n    members: [m2]\n")
+
+	_, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), `duplicate groups "g1"`)
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_DuplicatePeer(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	peerA := "peers:\n  remote:\n    proxy: http://x:1\n    models: [m1]\n"
+	peerB := "peers:\n  remote:\n    proxy: http://x:2\n    models: [m2]\n"
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "a.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("m1", "echo m1")+"\n"+peerA)
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "b.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("m2", "echo m2")+"\n"+peerB)
+
+	_, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), `duplicate peers "remote"`)
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_ScalarConflict(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "a.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("m1", "echo m1")+"\nglobalTTL: 100\n")
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "b.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("m2", "echo m2")+"\nglobalTTL: 200\n")
+
+	_, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), `conflict at "globalTTL"`)
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_ScalarSameValueNoConflict(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "a.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("m1", "echo m1")+"\nglobalTTL: 100\n")
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "b.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("m2", "echo m2")+"\nglobalTTL: 100\n")
+
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 100, cfg.GlobalTTL)
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_MacrosConcatenate(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "a.yaml", "macros:\n  LOW: 1\nmodels:\n"+modelCfg("m1", "echo ${LOW}"))
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "b.yaml", "macros:\n  HIGH: 2\nmodels:\n"+modelCfg("m2", "echo ${HIGH}"))
+
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	// Both macros are available globally after merge.
+	low, ok := cfg.Macros.Get("LOW")
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, low)
+	high, ok := cfg.Macros.Get("HIGH")
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, high)
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_APIKeysConcatenate(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "a.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("m1", "echo m1")+"\napiKeys: [key-a]\n")
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "b.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("m2", "echo m2")+"\napiKeys: [key-b]\n")
+
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.ElementsMatch(t, []string{"key-a", "key-b"}, cfg.RequiredAPIKeys)
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_RoutingGroupsMerge(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "a.yaml", `
+models:
+`+modelCfg("m1", "echo m1")+`
+routing:
+  router:
+    settings:
+      groups:
+        groupA:
+          members: [m1]
+`)
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "b.yaml", `
+models:
+`+modelCfg("m2", "echo m2")+`
+routing:
+  router:
+    settings:
+      groups:
+        groupB:
+          members: [m2]
+`)
+
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	groups := cfg.Routing.Router.Settings.Groups
+	assert.Contains(t, groups, "groupA")
+	assert.Contains(t, groups, "groupB")
+	// default group added by pipeline for orphaned/leftover routing groups...
+	// here both groups reference distinct models
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_EnvMacrosSubstituted(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	// Use ${PORT} in cmd so the pipeline allocates a port and substitutes it;
+	// verifies env/macro substitution runs on the merged document.
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "a.yaml", "models:\n  m1:\n    cmd: serve --port ${PORT}\n    proxy: \"http://localhost:${PORT}\"\n")
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	m := cfg.Models["m1"]
+	assert.NotContains(t, m.Cmd, "${PORT}", "PORT macro should have been substituted")
+	assert.NotContains(t, m.Proxy, "${PORT}", "PORT macro should have been substituted in proxy")
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_EnvMacroInFlowStyleList(t *testing.T) {
+	// Regression: flow-style lists with ${env.*} must parse. Previously
+	// parseSource unmarshalled before env substitution, so the brace in
+	// [${env.API_KEY}] was misread as a flow mapping and parsing failed.
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "a.yaml", "models:\n  m1:\n    cmd: echo hi\n    proxy: \"http://localhost:9999\"\n")
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "keys.yaml", "apiKeys: [${env.TEST_API_KEY}]\nmodels:\n  m2:\n    cmd: echo hi\n    proxy: \"http://localhost:9998\"\n")
+
+	t.Setenv("TEST_API_KEY", "secret123")
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, cfg.RequiredAPIKeys, "secret123")
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_SortedOrderDeterministic(t *testing.T) {
+	// Two files defining distinct models, scanned in z..a order by filename.
+	// Determine merged result is the same regardless of how the FS returns them.
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "z.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("zmodel", "echo z"))
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "a.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("amodel", "echo a"))
+
+	const runs = 3
+	for i := 0; i < runs; i++ {
+		cfg, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		// startPort-based allocation: first allocated model gets 5800.
+		// Sorted order means amodel gets 5800, zmodel gets 5801.
+		_, _, ok := cfg.FindConfig("amodel")
+		assert.True(t, ok)
+		_, _, ok = cfg.FindConfig("zmodel")
+		assert.True(t, ok)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_EmptyDirWithConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	cfgDir := t.TempDir()
+	cfgPath := writeYAML(t, dir, "main.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("m1", "echo m1"))
+
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigSources(cfgPath, cfgDir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, cfg.Models, "m1")
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_EmptyDirOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	// An empty -config-dir with no -config is an error: there is nothing to
+	// load and silently producing an empty config would mask the misconfig.
+	cfgDir := t.TempDir()
+	_, err := LoadConfigSources("", cfgDir)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "no configuration sources found")
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_AssertNoUnknownMacrosAfterMerge(t *testing.T) {
+	// Macros defined in one file should not satisfy unknown-macro validation in
+	// another — they do, because merge concats global macros before validation
+	// runs. This test documents that a macro from file A is usable in file B.
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "macros.yaml", "macros:\n  SHARED: hello\nmodels:\n"+modelCfg("dummy", "echo dummy"))
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "use.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("user", "echo ${SHARED}"))
+
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	m := cfg.Models["user"]
+	assert.Contains(t, m.Cmd, "hello")
+	assert.NotContains(t, m.Cmd, "${SHARED}")
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_KindMismatchErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "a.yaml", "startPort: 5800\nmodels:\n"+modelCfg("m1", "echo m1"))
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "b.yaml", "startPort: [5800, 5801]\nmodels:\n"+modelCfg("m2", "echo m2"))
+
+	_, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "incompatible YAML node kinds")
+}
+
+func TestLoadConfigSources_NullYieldsToValue(t *testing.T) {
+	// File A: routing.router block absent (null on root for routing);
+	// file B: defines routing.router.settings.groups. Merge should keep B's.
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "a.yaml", "models:\n"+modelCfg("m1", "echo m1"))
+	writeYAML(t, dir, "b.yaml", "routing:\n  router:\n    settings:\n      groups:\n        g1:\n          members: [m1]\nmodels:\n"+modelCfg("m2", "echo m2"))
+
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigSources("", dir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, cfg.Routing.Router.Settings.Groups, "g1")
+}

internal/config/model_config.go

@@ -2,9 +2,66 @@ package config
 
 import (
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"runtime"
 )
 
+const (
+	MODEL_CONFIG_DEFAULT_TTL = -1
+)
+
+var validModalities = map[string]struct{}{
+	"text":  {},
+	"audio": {},
+	"image": {},
+}
+
+// ModelCapConfig defines what modalities and features a model supports.
+// Used in /v1/models to inform clients. An empty block (all zero values) is
+// treated as not configured.
+type ModelCapConfig struct {
+	In       []string `yaml:"in"`
+	Out      []string `yaml:"out"`
+	Tools    bool     `yaml:"tools"`
+	Reranker bool     `yaml:"reranker"`
+	Context  int      `yaml:"context"`
+}
+
+// Empty returns true when all fields are at their zero values.
+func (c ModelCapConfig) Empty() bool {
+	return len(c.In) == 0 && len(c.Out) == 0 && !c.Tools && !c.Reranker && c.Context == 0
+}
+
+// Validate checks that all modality values are recognized and context is
+// non-negative. Returns an error if any value is invalid.
+func (c ModelCapConfig) Validate() error {
+	for _, m := range c.In {
+		if _, ok := validModalities[m]; !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("capabilities.in: invalid modality %q, must be one of: text, audio, image", m)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, m := range c.Out {
+		if _, ok := validModalities[m]; !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("capabilities.out: invalid modality %q, must be one of: text, audio, image", m)
+		}
+	}
+	if c.Context < 0 {
+		return errors.New("capabilities.context: must be >= 0")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TimeoutsConfig holds timeout settings for proxy connections
+// 0 = no timeout
+type TimeoutsConfig struct {
+	Connect        int `yaml:"connect"`
+	KeepAlive      int `yaml:"keepalive"`
+	ResponseHeader int `yaml:"responseHeader"`
+	TLSHandshake   int `yaml:"tlsHandshake"`
+	ExpectContinue int `yaml:"expectContinue"`
+	IdleConn       int `yaml:"idleConn"`
+}
+
 type ModelConfig struct {
 	Cmd           string   `yaml:"cmd"`
 	CmdStop       string   `yaml:"cmdStop"`
@@ -36,6 +93,15 @@ type ModelConfig struct {
 
 	// override global setting
 	SendLoadingState *bool `yaml:"sendLoadingState"`
+
+	// Timeout settings for proxy connections
+	Timeouts TimeoutsConfig `yaml:"timeouts"`
+
+	// Capabilities defines what modalities and features the model supports.
+	Capabilities ModelCapConfig `yaml:"capabilities"`
+
+	// Copy of HealthCheckTimeout from global config
+	HealthCheckTimeout int `yaml:"healthCheckTimeout"`
 }
 
 func (m *ModelConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
@@ -47,12 +113,22 @@ func (m *ModelConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		Aliases:          []string{},
 		Env:              []string{},
 		CheckEndpoint:    "/health",
-		UnloadAfter:      0,
+		UnloadAfter:      MODEL_CONFIG_DEFAULT_TTL, // use GlobalTTL
 		Unlisted:         false,
 		UseModelName:     "",
 		ConcurrencyLimit: 0,
 		Name:             "",
 		Description:      "",
+
+		// matches http.DefaultTransport
+		Timeouts: TimeoutsConfig{
+			Connect:        30,
+			KeepAlive:      30,
+			ResponseHeader: 0,
+			TLSHandshake:   10,
+			ExpectContinue: 1,
+			IdleConn:       90,
+		},
 	}
 
 	// the default cmdStop to taskkill /f /t /pid ${PID}

internal/config/model_config_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestConfig_ModelConfigSanitizedCommand(t *testing.T) {
+	config := &ModelConfig{
+		Cmd: `python model1.py \
+    --arg1 value1 \
+    --arg2 value2`,
+	}
+
+	args, err := config.SanitizedCommand()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"python", "model1.py", "--arg1", "value1", "--arg2", "value2"}, args)
+}
+
+func TestConfig_ModelFilters(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+macros:
+  default_strip: "temperature, top_p"
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+    filters:
+      # macros inserted and list is cleaned of duplicates and empty strings
+      stripParams: "model, top_k, top_k, temperature, ${default_strip}, , ,"
+  # check for strip_params (legacy field name) compatibility
+  legacy:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+    filters:
+      strip_params: "model, top_k, top_k, temperature, ${default_strip}, , ,"
+`
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	for modelId, modelConfig := range config.Models {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("Testing macros in filters for model %s", modelId), func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, "model, top_k, top_k, temperature, temperature, top_p, , ,", modelConfig.Filters.StripParams)
+			sanitized, err := modelConfig.Filters.SanitizedStripParams()
+			if assert.NoError(t, err) {
+				// model has been removed
+				// empty strings have been removed
+				// duplicates have been removed
+				assert.Equal(t, []string{"temperature", "top_k", "top_p"}, sanitized)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConfig_ModelSendLoadingState(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+sendLoadingState: true
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+    sendLoadingState: false
+  model2:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+`
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, config.SendLoadingState)
+	if assert.NotNil(t, config.Models["model1"].SendLoadingState) {
+		assert.False(t, *config.Models["model1"].SendLoadingState)
+	}
+	if assert.NotNil(t, config.Models["model2"].SendLoadingState) {
+		assert.True(t, *config.Models["model2"].SendLoadingState)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConfig_SetParamsByIDAutoAlias(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+    filters:
+      setParamsByID:
+        "${MODEL_ID}:high":
+          reasoning_effort: high
+        "${MODEL_ID}:low":
+          reasoning_effort: low
+`
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Keys (other than the model's own ID) should be registered as aliases
+	realName, found := cfg.RealModelName("model1:high")
+	assert.True(t, found, "model1:high should be an auto-registered alias")
+	assert.Equal(t, "model1", realName)
+
+	realName, found = cfg.RealModelName("model1:low")
+	assert.True(t, found, "model1:low should be an auto-registered alias")
+	assert.Equal(t, "model1", realName)
+
+	// Auto-aliases should also appear in modelConfig.Aliases
+	aliases := cfg.Models["model1"].Aliases
+	assert.Contains(t, aliases, "model1:high")
+	assert.Contains(t, aliases, "model1:low")
+}
+
+func TestConfig_SetParamsByIDAutoAliasConflictWithModelID(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+    filters:
+      setParamsByID:
+        model2:
+          reasoning_effort: high
+  model2:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+`
+	_, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "conflicts with an existing model ID")
+}
+
+func TestConfig_SetParamsByIDAutoAliasConflictWithOtherModel(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+    filters:
+      setParamsByID:
+        "shared-alias":
+          reasoning_effort: high
+  model2:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+    filters:
+      setParamsByID:
+        "shared-alias":
+          reasoning_effort: low
+`
+	_, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "duplicate alias")
+}
+
+func TestConfig_ModelFiltersWithSetParams(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+    filters:
+      stripParams: "top_k"
+      setParams:
+        temperature: 0.7
+        top_p: 0.9
+        stop:
+          - "<|end|>"
+          - "<|stop|>"
+ `
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	modelConfig := config.Models["model1"]
+
+	// Check stripParams
+	stripParams, err := modelConfig.Filters.SanitizedStripParams()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"top_k"}, stripParams)
+
+	// Check setParams
+	setParams, keys := modelConfig.Filters.SanitizedSetParams()
+	assert.NotNil(t, setParams)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"stop", "temperature", "top_p"}, keys)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0.7, setParams["temperature"])
+	assert.Equal(t, 0.9, setParams["top_p"])
+}
+
+func TestConfig_ModelCapabilities(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("all fields", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+    capabilities:
+      in:
+        - text
+        - audio
+        - image
+      out:
+        - text
+        - audio
+        - image
+      tools: true
+      context: 32000
+`
+		config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+		mc := config.Models["model1"]
+		assert.False(t, mc.Capabilities.Empty())
+		assert.Equal(t, []string{"text", "audio", "image"}, mc.Capabilities.In)
+		assert.Equal(t, []string{"text", "audio", "image"}, mc.Capabilities.Out)
+		assert.True(t, mc.Capabilities.Tools)
+		assert.Equal(t, 32000, mc.Capabilities.Context)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("partial fields", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+    capabilities:
+      tools: true
+      context: 8192
+`
+		config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+		mc := config.Models["model1"]
+		assert.False(t, mc.Capabilities.Empty())
+		assert.Nil(t, mc.Capabilities.In)
+		assert.Nil(t, mc.Capabilities.Out)
+		assert.True(t, mc.Capabilities.Tools)
+		assert.Equal(t, 8192, mc.Capabilities.Context)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("not set", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+`
+		config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+		mc := config.Models["model1"]
+		assert.True(t, mc.Capabilities.Empty())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("tools false is empty", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+    capabilities:
+      tools: false
+`
+		config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+		mc := config.Models["model1"]
+		assert.True(t, mc.Capabilities.Empty())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("reranker true is not empty", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+    capabilities:
+      reranker: true
+`
+		config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+		mc := config.Models["model1"]
+		assert.False(t, mc.Capabilities.Empty())
+		assert.True(t, mc.Capabilities.Reranker)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("reranker false is empty", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+    capabilities:
+      reranker: false
+`
+		config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+		mc := config.Models["model1"]
+		assert.True(t, mc.Capabilities.Empty())
+	})
+}
+
+func TestConfig_ModelCapabilities_Validate(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("valid_modalities", func(t *testing.T) {
+		caps := ModelCapConfig{
+			In:      []string{"text", "image"},
+			Out:     []string{"text", "audio"},
+			Tools:   true,
+			Context: 100000,
+		}
+		assert.NoError(t, caps.Validate())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("empty_is_valid", func(t *testing.T) {
+		caps := ModelCapConfig{}
+		assert.NoError(t, caps.Validate())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("invalid_in_modality", func(t *testing.T) {
+		caps := ModelCapConfig{In: []string{"video"}}
+		err := caps.Validate()
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "capabilities.in")
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "video")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("invalid_out_modality", func(t *testing.T) {
+		caps := ModelCapConfig{Out: []string{"video"}}
+		err := caps.Validate()
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "capabilities.out")
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "video")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("negative_context", func(t *testing.T) {
+		caps := ModelCapConfig{Context: -1}
+		err := caps.Validate()
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "capabilities.context")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("rejects_invalid_at_load", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+    capabilities:
+      in:
+        - text
+        - video
+`
+		_, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "video")
+	})
+}

internal/config/peer.go

@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ type PeerConfig struct {
 	ApiKey   string   `yaml:"apiKey"`
 	Models   []string `yaml:"models"`
 	Filters  Filters  `yaml:"filters"`
+
+	// Timeout settings for proxy connections
+	Timeouts TimeoutsConfig `yaml:"timeouts"`
 }
 
 func (c *PeerConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
@@ -21,6 +24,17 @@ func (c *PeerConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		ApiKey:  "",
 		Models:  []string{},
 		Filters: Filters{},
+
+		// mostly matches http.DefaultTransport but with a 60s ResponseHeader timeout
+		// to match the pre PR #619 functionality
+		Timeouts: TimeoutsConfig{
+			Connect:        30,
+			KeepAlive:      30,
+			ResponseHeader: 60,
+			TLSHandshake:   10,
+			ExpectContinue: 1,
+			IdleConn:       90,
+		},
 	}
 
 	if err := unmarshal(&defaults); err != nil {

internal/config/performance.go

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// PerformanceConfig holds configuration for system performance monitoring
+type PerformanceConfig struct {
+	Disabled bool          `yaml:"disabled"`
+	Every    time.Duration `yaml:"every"`
+}
+
+func (p *PerformanceConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
+	type rawPerformanceConfig PerformanceConfig
+	defaults := rawPerformanceConfig{
+		Every: 5 * time.Second,
+	}
+
+	if err := unmarshal(&defaults); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	*p = PerformanceConfig(defaults)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Validate checks the PerformanceConfig values and returns an error if invalid
+func (p *PerformanceConfig) Validate() error {
+	if p.Every < 5*time.Second {
+		return fmt.Errorf("every must be at least 5s, got %v", p.Every)
+	}
+	return nil
+}

internal/config/performance_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestPerformanceConfig_Defaults(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+`
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// When performance section is missing, defaults should be applied
+	assert.False(t, config.Performance.Disabled)
+	assert.Equal(t, 5*time.Second, config.Performance.Every)
+}
+
+func TestPerformanceConfig_CustomValues(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+performance:
+  enable: true
+  every: 30s
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+`
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.False(t, config.Performance.Disabled)
+	assert.Equal(t, 30*time.Second, config.Performance.Every)
+}
+
+func TestPerformanceConfig_Disabled(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+performance:
+  disabled: true
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+`
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.True(t, config.Performance.Disabled)
+	// Duration defaults should still apply
+	assert.Equal(t, 5*time.Second, config.Performance.Every)
+}
+
+func TestPerformanceConfig_PartialValues(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+performance:
+  every: 10s
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+`
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// enable should default to true
+	assert.False(t, config.Performance.Disabled)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10*time.Second, config.Performance.Every)
+}
+
+func TestPerformanceConfig_InvalidEvery(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+performance:
+  every: 4s
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+`
+	_, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "every must be at least 5s")
+}
+
+func TestPerformanceConfig_ComplexDurations(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+performance:
+  every: 1m30s
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --port ${PORT}
+`
+	config, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 90*time.Second, config.Performance.Every)
+}

internal/config/upstream.go

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"regexp"
+
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+// DefaultUpstreamIgnorePathsPattern is the default regular expression applied
+// to upstream.ignorePaths when the section is empty or absent from the config.
+// It matches common static-asset suffixes so requests for .js/.css/.png/etc.
+// files do not trigger a model swap.
+const DefaultUpstreamIgnorePathsPattern = `.*\.(js|json|css|png|gif|jpg|jpeg|ico|txt)$`
+
+// DefaultUpstreamIgnorePaths returns the default compiled ignore paths used
+// when upstream.ignorePaths is not specified in the config. The returned slice
+// is fresh so callers may mutate it without affecting other configs.
+func DefaultUpstreamIgnorePaths() []*regexp.Regexp {
+	return []*regexp.Regexp{regexp.MustCompile(DefaultUpstreamIgnorePathsPattern)}
+}
+
+// UpstreamConfig controls behaviour of the /upstream passthrough endpoint.
+type UpstreamConfig struct {
+	// IgnorePaths is a slice of compiled regular expressions. Any request to
+	// /upstream/<model>/<path> whose remaining path matches any of these
+	// expressions will be ignored and not trigger a swap. When the config
+	// does not specify any patterns, DefaultUpstreamIgnorePaths is applied.
+	IgnorePaths []*regexp.Regexp `yaml:"-"`
+}
+
+// rawUpstreamConfig is the intermediate form used to unmarshal the YAML into
+// plain strings, which are then compiled into *regexp.Regexp.
+type rawUpstreamConfig struct {
+	IgnorePaths []string `yaml:"ignorePaths"`
+}
+
+// UnmarshalYAML compiles each ignorePaths entry into a *regexp.Regexp. If any
+// entry fails to compile, an error is returned.
+func (u *UpstreamConfig) UnmarshalYAML(value *yaml.Node) error {
+	var raw rawUpstreamConfig
+	if err := value.Decode(&raw); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	patterns := make([]*regexp.Regexp, 0, len(raw.IgnorePaths))
+	for _, p := range raw.IgnorePaths {
+		re, err := regexp.Compile(p)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("upstream.ignorePaths: invalid regular expression %q: %w", p, err)
+		}
+		patterns = append(patterns, re)
+	}
+	u.IgnorePaths = patterns
+	return nil
+}

internal/config/upstream_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+const upstreamConfigHeader = `
+models:
+  model1:
+    cmd: path/to/cmd --arg1 one
+    proxy: "http://localhost:8080"
+`
+
+func TestConfig_UpstreamIgnorePaths_DefaultWhenAbsent(t *testing.T) {
+	// When upstream is not specified at all, the default pattern is applied.
+	content := upstreamConfigHeader
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, cfg.Upstream.IgnorePaths, 1)
+
+	def := cfg.Upstream.IgnorePaths[0]
+	assert.IsType(t, &regexp.Regexp{}, def)
+	assert.Equal(t, DefaultUpstreamIgnorePathsPattern, def.String())
+
+	// The default matches common static-asset suffixes.
+	assert.True(t, def.MatchString("/foo.js"))
+	assert.True(t, def.MatchString("/bar/baz.json"))
+	assert.True(t, def.MatchString("/static/img.png"))
+	assert.True(t, def.MatchString("/notes.txt"))
+	assert.True(t, def.MatchString("/favicon.ico"))
+	// And does not match inference API paths.
+	assert.False(t, def.MatchString("/v1/chat/completions"))
+	assert.False(t, def.MatchString("/v1/models"))
+	assert.False(t, def.MatchString("/health"))
+}
+
+func TestConfig_UpstreamIgnorePaths_DefaultWhenSectionEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	// When upstream is present but ignorePaths is omitted, the default is still
+	// applied.
+	content := `upstream: {}` + "\n" + upstreamConfigHeader
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, cfg.Upstream.IgnorePaths, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, DefaultUpstreamIgnorePathsPattern, cfg.Upstream.IgnorePaths[0].String())
+}
+
+func TestConfig_UpstreamIgnorePaths_Compiles(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+upstream:
+  ignorePaths:
+    - ".*\\.(js|json|css|png|gif|jpg|jpeg|txt)$"
+    - "^/static/.*"
+` + upstreamConfigHeader
+
+	cfg, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, cfg.Upstream.IgnorePaths, 2)
+
+	// Verify the patterns are compiled into *regexp.Regexp and match as expected.
+	assert.True(t, cfg.Upstream.IgnorePaths[0].MatchString("/foo.js"))
+	assert.True(t, cfg.Upstream.IgnorePaths[0].MatchString("/bar/baz.json"))
+	assert.False(t, cfg.Upstream.IgnorePaths[0].MatchString("/v1/chat/completions"))
+	assert.True(t, cfg.Upstream.IgnorePaths[1].MatchString("/static/foo.png"))
+	assert.False(t, cfg.Upstream.IgnorePaths[1].MatchString("/v1/chat/completions"))
+
+	// Confirm the type is *regexp.Regexp to satisfy the API contract.
+	for _, re := range cfg.Upstream.IgnorePaths {
+		assert.IsType(t, &regexp.Regexp{}, re)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConfig_UpstreamIgnorePaths_InvalidRegexReturnsError(t *testing.T) {
+	content := `
+upstream:
+  ignorePaths:
+    - "[invalid("
+` + upstreamConfigHeader
+
+	_, err := LoadConfigFromReader(strings.NewReader(content))
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "upstream.ignorePaths")
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "invalid regular expression")
+}

internal/event/default_test.go

@@ -1,54 +1,54 @@
-// Copyright (c) Roman Atachiants and contributore. All rights reserved.
-// Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for detaile.
-
-package event
-
-import (
-	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-/*
-cpu: 13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700K
-BenchmarkSubcribeConcurrent-24    	 1826686	       606.3 ns/op	    1648 B/op	       5 allocs/op
-*/
-func BenchmarkSubscribeConcurrent(b *testing.B) {
-	d := NewDispatcher()
-	b.ReportAllocs()
-	b.ResetTimer()
-
-	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
-		for pb.Next() {
-			unsub := Subscribe(d, func(ev MyEvent1) {})
-			unsub()
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func TestDefaultPublish(t *testing.T) {
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-
-	// Subscribe
-	var count int64
-	defer On(func(ev MyEvent1) {
-		atomic.AddInt64(&count, 1)
-		wg.Done()
-	})()
-
-	defer OnType(TypeEvent1, func(ev MyEvent1) {
-		atomic.AddInt64(&count, 1)
-		wg.Done()
-	})()
-
-	// Publish
-	wg.Add(4)
-	Emit(MyEvent1{})
-	Emit(MyEvent1{})
-
-	// Wait and check
-	wg.Wait()
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(4), count)
-}
+// Copyright (c) Roman Atachiants and contributore. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for detaile.
+
+package event
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+/*
+cpu: 13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700K
+BenchmarkSubcribeConcurrent-24    	 1826686	       606.3 ns/op	    1648 B/op	       5 allocs/op
+*/
+func BenchmarkSubscribeConcurrent(b *testing.B) {
+	d := NewDispatcher()
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		for pb.Next() {
+			unsub := Subscribe(d, func(ev MyEvent1) {})
+			unsub()
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestDefaultPublish(t *testing.T) {
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+	// Subscribe
+	var count int64
+	defer On(func(ev MyEvent1) {
+		atomic.AddInt64(&count, 1)
+		wg.Done()
+	})()
+
+	defer OnType(TypeEvent1, func(ev MyEvent1) {
+		atomic.AddInt64(&count, 1)
+		wg.Done()
+	})()
+
+	// Publish
+	wg.Add(4)
+	Emit(MyEvent1{})
+	Emit(MyEvent1{})
+
+	// Wait and check
+	wg.Wait()
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(4), count)
+}

internal/event/event_test.go

@@ -1,324 +1,324 @@
-// Copyright (c) Roman Atachiants and contributore. All rights reserved.
-// Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for detaile.
-
-package event
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func TestPublish(t *testing.T) {
-	d := NewDispatcher()
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-
-	// Subscribe, must be received in order
-	var count int64
-	defer Subscribe(d, func(ev MyEvent1) {
-		assert.Equal(t, int(atomic.AddInt64(&count, 1)), ev.Number)
-		wg.Done()
-	})()
-
-	// Publish
-	wg.Add(3)
-	Publish(d, MyEvent1{Number: 1})
-	Publish(d, MyEvent1{Number: 2})
-	Publish(d, MyEvent1{Number: 3})
-
-	// Wait and check
-	wg.Wait()
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(3), count)
-}
-
-func TestUnsubscribe(t *testing.T) {
-	d := NewDispatcher()
-	assert.Equal(t, 0, d.count(TypeEvent1))
-	unsubscribe := Subscribe(d, func(ev MyEvent1) {
-		// Nothing
-	})
-
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, d.count(TypeEvent1))
-	unsubscribe()
-	assert.Equal(t, 0, d.count(TypeEvent1))
-}
-
-func TestConcurrent(t *testing.T) {
-	const max = 1000000
-	var count int64
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	wg.Add(1)
-
-	d := NewDispatcher()
-	defer Subscribe(d, func(ev MyEvent1) {
-		if current := atomic.AddInt64(&count, 1); current == max {
-			wg.Done()
-		}
-	})()
-
-	// Asynchronously publish
-	go func() {
-		for i := 0; i < max; i++ {
-			Publish(d, MyEvent1{})
-		}
-	}()
-
-	defer Subscribe(d, func(ev MyEvent1) {
-		// Subscriber that does nothing
-	})()
-
-	wg.Wait()
-	assert.Equal(t, max, int(count))
-}
-
-func TestSubscribeDifferentType(t *testing.T) {
-	d := NewDispatcher()
-	assert.Panics(t, func() {
-		SubscribeTo(d, TypeEvent1, func(ev MyEvent1) {})
-		SubscribeTo(d, TypeEvent1, func(ev MyEvent2) {})
-	})
-}
-
-func TestPublishDifferentType(t *testing.T) {
-	d := NewDispatcher()
-	assert.Panics(t, func() {
-		SubscribeTo(d, TypeEvent1, func(ev MyEvent2) {})
-		Publish(d, MyEvent1{})
-	})
-}
-
-func TestCloseDispatcher(t *testing.T) {
-	d := NewDispatcher()
-	defer SubscribeTo(d, TypeEvent1, func(ev MyEvent2) {})()
-
-	assert.NoError(t, d.Close())
-	assert.Panics(t, func() {
-		SubscribeTo(d, TypeEvent1, func(ev MyEvent2) {})
-	})
-}
-
-func TestMatrix(t *testing.T) {
-	const amount = 1000
-	for _, subs := range []int{1, 10, 100} {
-		for _, topics := range []int{1, 10} {
-			expected := subs * topics * amount
-			t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%dx%d", topics, subs), func(t *testing.T) {
-				var count atomic.Int64
-				var wg sync.WaitGroup
-				wg.Add(expected)
-
-				d := NewDispatcher()
-				for i := 0; i < subs; i++ {
-					for id := 0; id < topics; id++ {
-						defer SubscribeTo(d, uint32(id), func(ev MyEvent3) {
-							count.Add(1)
-							wg.Done()
-						})()
-					}
-				}
-
-				for n := 0; n < amount; n++ {
-					for id := 0; id < topics; id++ {
-						go Publish(d, MyEvent3{ID: id})
-					}
-				}
-
-				wg.Wait()
-				assert.Equal(t, expected, int(count.Load()))
-			})
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestConcurrentSubscriptionRace(t *testing.T) {
-	// This test specifically targets the race condition that occurs when multiple
-	// goroutines try to subscribe to different event types simultaneously.
-	// Without the CAS loop, subscriptions could be lost due to registry corruption.
-
-	const numGoroutines = 100
-	const numEventTypes = 50
-
-	d := NewDispatcher()
-	defer d.Close()
-
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	var receivedCount int64
-	var subscribedTypes sync.Map // Thread-safe map
-
-	wg.Add(numGoroutines)
-
-	// Start multiple goroutines that subscribe to different event types concurrently
-	for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
-		go func(goroutineID int) {
-			defer wg.Done()
-
-			// Each goroutine subscribes to a unique event type
-			eventType := uint32(goroutineID%numEventTypes + 1000) // Offset to avoid collision with other tests
-
-			// Subscribe to the event type
-			SubscribeTo(d, eventType, func(ev MyEvent3) {
-				atomic.AddInt64(&receivedCount, 1)
-			})
-
-			// Record that this type was subscribed
-			subscribedTypes.Store(eventType, true)
-		}(i)
-	}
-
-	// Wait for all subscriptions to complete
-	wg.Wait()
-
-	// Count the number of unique event types subscribed
-	expectedTypes := 0
-	subscribedTypes.Range(func(key, value interface{}) bool {
-		expectedTypes++
-		return true
-	})
-
-	// Small delay to ensure all subscriptions are fully processed
-	time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
-
-	// Publish events to each subscribed type
-	subscribedTypes.Range(func(key, value interface{}) bool {
-		eventType := key.(uint32)
-		Publish(d, MyEvent3{ID: int(eventType)})
-		return true
-	})
-
-	// Wait for all events to be processed
-	time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
-
-	// Verify that we received at least the expected number of events
-	// (there might be more if multiple goroutines subscribed to the same event type)
-	received := atomic.LoadInt64(&receivedCount)
-	assert.GreaterOrEqual(t, int(received), expectedTypes,
-		"Should have received at least %d events, got %d", expectedTypes, received)
-
-	// Verify that we have the expected number of unique event types
-	assert.Equal(t, numEventTypes, expectedTypes,
-		"Should have exactly %d unique event types", numEventTypes)
-}
-
-func TestConcurrentHandlerRegistration(t *testing.T) {
-	const numGoroutines = 100
-
-	// Test concurrent subscriptions to the same event type
-	t.Run("SameEventType", func(t *testing.T) {
-		d := NewDispatcher()
-		var handlerCount int64
-		var wg sync.WaitGroup
-
-		// Start multiple goroutines subscribing to the same event type (0x1)
-		for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
-			wg.Add(1)
-			go func() {
-				defer wg.Done()
-				SubscribeTo(d, uint32(0x1), func(ev MyEvent1) {
-					atomic.AddInt64(&handlerCount, 1)
-				})
-			}()
-		}
-
-		wg.Wait()
-
-		// Verify all handlers were registered by publishing an event
-		atomic.StoreInt64(&handlerCount, 0)
-		Publish(d, MyEvent1{})
-
-		// Small delay to ensure all handlers have executed
-		time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
-
-		assert.Equal(t, int64(numGoroutines), atomic.LoadInt64(&handlerCount),
-			"Not all handlers were registered due to race condition")
-	})
-
-	// Test concurrent subscriptions to different event types
-	t.Run("DifferentEventTypes", func(t *testing.T) {
-		d := NewDispatcher()
-		var wg sync.WaitGroup
-		receivedEvents := make(map[uint32]*int64)
-
-		// Create multiple event types and subscribe concurrently
-		for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
-			eventType := uint32(100 + i)
-			counter := new(int64)
-			receivedEvents[eventType] = counter
-
-			wg.Add(1)
-			go func(et uint32, cnt *int64) {
-				defer wg.Done()
-				SubscribeTo(d, et, func(ev MyEvent3) {
-					atomic.AddInt64(cnt, 1)
-				})
-			}(eventType, counter)
-		}
-
-		wg.Wait()
-
-		// Publish events to all types
-		for eventType := uint32(100); eventType < uint32(100+numGoroutines); eventType++ {
-			Publish(d, MyEvent3{ID: int(eventType)})
-		}
-
-		// Small delay to ensure all handlers have executed
-		time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
-
-		// Verify all event types received their events
-		for eventType, counter := range receivedEvents {
-			assert.Equal(t, int64(1), atomic.LoadInt64(counter),
-				"Event type %d did not receive its event", eventType)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func TestBackpressure(t *testing.T) {
-	d := NewDispatcher()
-	d.maxQueue = 10
-
-	var processedCount int64
-	unsub := SubscribeTo(d, uint32(0x200), func(ev MyEvent3) {
-		atomic.AddInt64(&processedCount, 1)
-	})
-	defer unsub()
-
-	const eventsToPublish = 1000
-	for i := 0; i < eventsToPublish; i++ {
-		Publish(d, MyEvent3{ID: 0x200})
-	}
-
-	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
-
-	// Verify all events were eventually processed
-	finalProcessed := atomic.LoadInt64(&processedCount)
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(eventsToPublish), finalProcessed)
-	t.Logf("Events processed: %d/%d", finalProcessed, eventsToPublish)
-}
-
-// ------------------------------------- Test Events -------------------------------------
-
-const (
-	TypeEvent1 = 0x1
-	TypeEvent2 = 0x2
-)
-
-type MyEvent1 struct {
-	Number int
-}
-
-func (t MyEvent1) Type() uint32 { return TypeEvent1 }
-
-type MyEvent2 struct {
-	Text string
-}
-
-func (t MyEvent2) Type() uint32 { return TypeEvent2 }
-
-type MyEvent3 struct {
-	ID int
-}
-
-func (t MyEvent3) Type() uint32 { return uint32(t.ID) }
+// Copyright (c) Roman Atachiants and contributore. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for detaile.
+
+package event
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestPublish(t *testing.T) {
+	d := NewDispatcher()
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+	// Subscribe, must be received in order
+	var count int64
+	defer Subscribe(d, func(ev MyEvent1) {
+		assert.Equal(t, int(atomic.AddInt64(&count, 1)), ev.Number)
+		wg.Done()
+	})()
+
+	// Publish
+	wg.Add(3)
+	Publish(d, MyEvent1{Number: 1})
+	Publish(d, MyEvent1{Number: 2})
+	Publish(d, MyEvent1{Number: 3})
+
+	// Wait and check
+	wg.Wait()
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(3), count)
+}
+
+func TestUnsubscribe(t *testing.T) {
+	d := NewDispatcher()
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, d.count(TypeEvent1))
+	unsubscribe := Subscribe(d, func(ev MyEvent1) {
+		// Nothing
+	})
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, d.count(TypeEvent1))
+	unsubscribe()
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, d.count(TypeEvent1))
+}
+
+func TestConcurrent(t *testing.T) {
+	const max = 1000000
+	var count int64
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(1)
+
+	d := NewDispatcher()
+	defer Subscribe(d, func(ev MyEvent1) {
+		if current := atomic.AddInt64(&count, 1); current == max {
+			wg.Done()
+		}
+	})()
+
+	// Asynchronously publish
+	go func() {
+		for i := 0; i < max; i++ {
+			Publish(d, MyEvent1{})
+		}
+	}()
+
+	defer Subscribe(d, func(ev MyEvent1) {
+		// Subscriber that does nothing
+	})()
+
+	wg.Wait()
+	assert.Equal(t, max, int(count))
+}
+
+func TestSubscribeDifferentType(t *testing.T) {
+	d := NewDispatcher()
+	assert.Panics(t, func() {
+		SubscribeTo(d, TypeEvent1, func(ev MyEvent1) {})
+		SubscribeTo(d, TypeEvent1, func(ev MyEvent2) {})
+	})
+}
+
+func TestPublishDifferentType(t *testing.T) {
+	d := NewDispatcher()
+	assert.Panics(t, func() {
+		SubscribeTo(d, TypeEvent1, func(ev MyEvent2) {})
+		Publish(d, MyEvent1{})
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCloseDispatcher(t *testing.T) {
+	d := NewDispatcher()
+	defer SubscribeTo(d, TypeEvent1, func(ev MyEvent2) {})()
+
+	assert.NoError(t, d.Close())
+	assert.Panics(t, func() {
+		SubscribeTo(d, TypeEvent1, func(ev MyEvent2) {})
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMatrix(t *testing.T) {
+	const amount = 1000
+	for _, subs := range []int{1, 10, 100} {
+		for _, topics := range []int{1, 10} {
+			expected := subs * topics * amount
+			t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%dx%d", topics, subs), func(t *testing.T) {
+				var count atomic.Int64
+				var wg sync.WaitGroup
+				wg.Add(expected)
+
+				d := NewDispatcher()
+				for i := 0; i < subs; i++ {
+					for id := 0; id < topics; id++ {
+						defer SubscribeTo(d, uint32(id), func(ev MyEvent3) {
+							count.Add(1)
+							wg.Done()
+						})()
+					}
+				}
+
+				for n := 0; n < amount; n++ {
+					for id := 0; id < topics; id++ {
+						go Publish(d, MyEvent3{ID: id})
+					}
+				}
+
+				wg.Wait()
+				assert.Equal(t, expected, int(count.Load()))
+			})
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConcurrentSubscriptionRace(t *testing.T) {
+	// This test specifically targets the race condition that occurs when multiple
+	// goroutines try to subscribe to different event types simultaneously.
+	// Without the CAS loop, subscriptions could be lost due to registry corruption.
+
+	const numGoroutines = 100
+	const numEventTypes = 50
+
+	d := NewDispatcher()
+	defer d.Close()
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	var receivedCount int64
+	var subscribedTypes sync.Map // Thread-safe map
+
+	wg.Add(numGoroutines)
+
+	// Start multiple goroutines that subscribe to different event types concurrently
+	for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
+		go func(goroutineID int) {
+			defer wg.Done()
+
+			// Each goroutine subscribes to a unique event type
+			eventType := uint32(goroutineID%numEventTypes + 1000) // Offset to avoid collision with other tests
+
+			// Subscribe to the event type
+			SubscribeTo(d, eventType, func(ev MyEvent3) {
+				atomic.AddInt64(&receivedCount, 1)
+			})
+
+			// Record that this type was subscribed
+			subscribedTypes.Store(eventType, true)
+		}(i)
+	}
+
+	// Wait for all subscriptions to complete
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	// Count the number of unique event types subscribed
+	expectedTypes := 0
+	subscribedTypes.Range(func(key, value interface{}) bool {
+		expectedTypes++
+		return true
+	})
+
+	// Small delay to ensure all subscriptions are fully processed
+	time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	// Publish events to each subscribed type
+	subscribedTypes.Range(func(key, value interface{}) bool {
+		eventType := key.(uint32)
+		Publish(d, MyEvent3{ID: int(eventType)})
+		return true
+	})
+
+	// Wait for all events to be processed
+	time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	// Verify that we received at least the expected number of events
+	// (there might be more if multiple goroutines subscribed to the same event type)
+	received := atomic.LoadInt64(&receivedCount)
+	assert.GreaterOrEqual(t, int(received), expectedTypes,
+		"Should have received at least %d events, got %d", expectedTypes, received)
+
+	// Verify that we have the expected number of unique event types
+	assert.Equal(t, numEventTypes, expectedTypes,
+		"Should have exactly %d unique event types", numEventTypes)
+}
+
+func TestConcurrentHandlerRegistration(t *testing.T) {
+	const numGoroutines = 100
+
+	// Test concurrent subscriptions to the same event type
+	t.Run("SameEventType", func(t *testing.T) {
+		d := NewDispatcher()
+		var handlerCount int64
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+		// Start multiple goroutines subscribing to the same event type (0x1)
+		for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
+			wg.Add(1)
+			go func() {
+				defer wg.Done()
+				SubscribeTo(d, uint32(0x1), func(ev MyEvent1) {
+					atomic.AddInt64(&handlerCount, 1)
+				})
+			}()
+		}
+
+		wg.Wait()
+
+		// Verify all handlers were registered by publishing an event
+		atomic.StoreInt64(&handlerCount, 0)
+		Publish(d, MyEvent1{})
+
+		// Small delay to ensure all handlers have executed
+		time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(numGoroutines), atomic.LoadInt64(&handlerCount),
+			"Not all handlers were registered due to race condition")
+	})
+
+	// Test concurrent subscriptions to different event types
+	t.Run("DifferentEventTypes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		d := NewDispatcher()
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		receivedEvents := make(map[uint32]*int64)
+
+		// Create multiple event types and subscribe concurrently
+		for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
+			eventType := uint32(100 + i)
+			counter := new(int64)
+			receivedEvents[eventType] = counter
+
+			wg.Add(1)
+			go func(et uint32, cnt *int64) {
+				defer wg.Done()
+				SubscribeTo(d, et, func(ev MyEvent3) {
+					atomic.AddInt64(cnt, 1)
+				})
+			}(eventType, counter)
+		}
+
+		wg.Wait()
+
+		// Publish events to all types
+		for eventType := uint32(100); eventType < uint32(100+numGoroutines); eventType++ {
+			Publish(d, MyEvent3{ID: int(eventType)})
+		}
+
+		// Small delay to ensure all handlers have executed
+		time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+
+		// Verify all event types received their events
+		for eventType, counter := range receivedEvents {
+			assert.Equal(t, int64(1), atomic.LoadInt64(counter),
+				"Event type %d did not receive its event", eventType)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestBackpressure(t *testing.T) {
+	d := NewDispatcher()
+	d.maxQueue = 10
+
+	var processedCount int64
+	unsub := SubscribeTo(d, uint32(0x200), func(ev MyEvent3) {
+		atomic.AddInt64(&processedCount, 1)
+	})
+	defer unsub()
+
+	const eventsToPublish = 1000
+	for i := 0; i < eventsToPublish; i++ {
+		Publish(d, MyEvent3{ID: 0x200})
+	}
+
+	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	// Verify all events were eventually processed
+	finalProcessed := atomic.LoadInt64(&processedCount)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(eventsToPublish), finalProcessed)
+	t.Logf("Events processed: %d/%d", finalProcessed, eventsToPublish)
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------- Test Events -------------------------------------
+
+const (
+	TypeEvent1 = 0x1
+	TypeEvent2 = 0x2
+)
+
+type MyEvent1 struct {
+	Number int
+}
+
+func (t MyEvent1) Type() uint32 { return TypeEvent1 }
+
+type MyEvent2 struct {
+	Text string
+}
+
+func (t MyEvent2) Type() uint32 { return TypeEvent2 }
+
+type MyEvent3 struct {
+	ID int
+}
+
+func (t MyEvent3) Type() uint32 { return uint32(t.ID) }

internal/logmon/logging.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package proxy
+package logmon
 
 import (
 	"context"
@@ -8,15 +8,25 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/event"
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/event"
 )
 
+const DataEventID = 0x04
+
+type DataEvent struct {
+	Data []byte
+}
+
+func (e DataEvent) Type() uint32 {
+	return DataEventID
+}
+
 // circularBuffer is a fixed-size circular byte buffer that overwrites
 // oldest data when full. It provides O(1) writes and O(n) reads.
 type circularBuffer struct {
-	data []byte // pre-allocated capacity
-	head int    // next write position
-	size int    // current number of bytes stored (0 to cap)
+	data []byte
+	head int
+	size int
 }
 
 func newCircularBuffer(capacity int) *circularBuffer {
@@ -27,8 +37,6 @@ func newCircularBuffer(capacity int) *circularBuffer {
 	}
 }
 
-// Write appends bytes to the buffer, overwriting oldest data when full.
-// Data is copied into the internal buffer (not stored by reference).
 func (cb *circularBuffer) Write(p []byte) {
 	if len(p) == 0 {
 		return
@@ -36,7 +44,6 @@ func (cb *circularBuffer) Write(p []byte) {
 
 	cap := len(cb.data)
 
-	// If input is larger than capacity, only keep the last cap bytes
 	if len(p) >= cap {
 		copy(cb.data, p[len(p)-cap:])
 		cb.head = 0
@@ -44,28 +51,22 @@ func (cb *circularBuffer) Write(p []byte) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Calculate how much space is available from head to end of buffer
 	firstPart := cap - cb.head
 	if firstPart >= len(p) {
-		// All data fits without wrapping
 		copy(cb.data[cb.head:], p)
 		cb.head = (cb.head + len(p)) % cap
 	} else {
-		// Data wraps around
 		copy(cb.data[cb.head:], p[:firstPart])
 		copy(cb.data[:len(p)-firstPart], p[firstPart:])
 		cb.head = len(p) - firstPart
 	}
 
-	// Update size
 	cb.size += len(p)
 	if cb.size > cap {
 		cb.size = cap
 	}
 }
 
-// GetHistory returns all buffered data in correct order (oldest to newest).
-// Returns a new slice (copy), not a view into internal buffer.
 func (cb *circularBuffer) GetHistory() []byte {
 	if cb.size == 0 {
 		return nil
@@ -74,14 +75,11 @@ func (cb *circularBuffer) GetHistory() []byte {
 	result := make([]byte, cb.size)
 	cap := len(cb.data)
 
-	// Calculate start position (oldest data)
 	start := (cb.head - cb.size + cap) % cap
 
 	if start+cb.size <= cap {
-		// Data is contiguous, single copy
 		copy(result, cb.data[start:start+cb.size])
 	} else {
-		// Data wraps around, two copies
 		firstPart := cap - start
 		copy(result[:firstPart], cb.data[start:])
 		copy(result[firstPart:], cb.data[:cb.size-firstPart])
@@ -90,42 +88,38 @@ func (cb *circularBuffer) GetHistory() []byte {
 	return result
 }
 
-type LogLevel int
+type Level int
 
 const (
-	LevelDebug LogLevel = iota
+	LevelDebug Level = iota
 	LevelInfo
 	LevelWarn
 	LevelError
 
-	LogBufferSize = 100 * 1024
+	BufferSize = 100 * 1024
 )
 
-type LogMonitor struct {
+type Monitor struct {
 	eventbus *event.Dispatcher
 	mu       sync.RWMutex
 	buffer   *circularBuffer
 	bufferMu sync.RWMutex
 
-	// typically this can be os.Stdout
 	stdout io.Writer
 
-	// logging levels
-	level  LogLevel
-	prefix string
-
-	// timestamps
+	level      Level
+	prefix     string
 	timeFormat string
 }
 
-func NewLogMonitor() *LogMonitor {
-	return NewLogMonitorWriter(os.Stdout)
+func New() *Monitor {
+	return NewWriter(os.Stdout)
 }
 
-func NewLogMonitorWriter(stdout io.Writer) *LogMonitor {
-	return &LogMonitor{
+func NewWriter(stdout io.Writer) *Monitor {
+	return &Monitor{
 		eventbus:   event.NewDispatcherConfig(1000),
-		buffer:     nil, // lazy initialized on first Write
+		buffer:     nil,
 		stdout:     stdout,
 		level:      LevelInfo,
 		prefix:     "",
@@ -133,7 +127,7 @@ func NewLogMonitorWriter(stdout io.Writer) *LogMonitor {
 	}
 }
 
-func (w *LogMonitor) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+func (w *Monitor) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	if len(p) == 0 {
 		return 0, nil
 	}
@@ -145,19 +139,18 @@ func (w *LogMonitor) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 
 	w.bufferMu.Lock()
 	if w.buffer == nil {
-		w.buffer = newCircularBuffer(LogBufferSize)
+		w.buffer = newCircularBuffer(BufferSize)
 	}
 	w.buffer.Write(p)
 	w.bufferMu.Unlock()
 
-	// Make a copy for broadcast to preserve immutability
 	bufferCopy := make([]byte, len(p))
 	copy(bufferCopy, p)
 	w.broadcast(bufferCopy)
 	return n, nil
 }
 
-func (w *LogMonitor) GetHistory() []byte {
+func (w *Monitor) GetHistory() []byte {
 	w.bufferMu.RLock()
 	defer w.bufferMu.RUnlock()
 	if w.buffer == nil {
@@ -168,41 +161,41 @@ func (w *LogMonitor) GetHistory() []byte {
 
 // Clear releases the buffer memory, making it eligible for GC.
 // The buffer will be lazily re-allocated on the next Write.
-func (w *LogMonitor) Clear() {
+func (w *Monitor) Clear() {
 	w.bufferMu.Lock()
 	w.buffer = nil
 	w.bufferMu.Unlock()
 }
 
-func (w *LogMonitor) OnLogData(callback func(data []byte)) context.CancelFunc {
-	return event.Subscribe(w.eventbus, func(e LogDataEvent) {
+func (w *Monitor) OnLogData(callback func(data []byte)) context.CancelFunc {
+	return event.Subscribe(w.eventbus, func(e DataEvent) {
 		callback(e.Data)
 	})
 }
 
-func (w *LogMonitor) broadcast(msg []byte) {
-	event.Publish(w.eventbus, LogDataEvent{Data: msg})
+func (w *Monitor) broadcast(msg []byte) {
+	event.Publish(w.eventbus, DataEvent{Data: msg})
 }
 
-func (w *LogMonitor) SetPrefix(prefix string) {
+func (w *Monitor) SetPrefix(prefix string) {
 	w.mu.Lock()
 	defer w.mu.Unlock()
 	w.prefix = prefix
 }
 
-func (w *LogMonitor) SetLogLevel(level LogLevel) {
+func (w *Monitor) SetLogLevel(level Level) {
 	w.mu.Lock()
 	defer w.mu.Unlock()
 	w.level = level
 }
 
-func (w *LogMonitor) SetLogTimeFormat(timeFormat string) {
+func (w *Monitor) SetLogTimeFormat(timeFormat string) {
 	w.mu.Lock()
 	defer w.mu.Unlock()
 	w.timeFormat = timeFormat
 }
 
-func (w *LogMonitor) formatMessage(level string, msg string) []byte {
+func (w *Monitor) formatMessage(level string, msg string) []byte {
 	prefix := ""
 	if w.prefix != "" {
 		prefix = fmt.Sprintf("[%s] ", w.prefix)
@@ -211,49 +204,38 @@ func (w *LogMonitor) formatMessage(level string, msg string) []byte {
 	if w.timeFormat != "" {
 		timestamp = fmt.Sprintf("%s ", time.Now().Format(w.timeFormat))
 	}
-	return []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%s%s[%s] %s\n", timestamp, prefix, level, msg))
+	return fmt.Appendf(nil, "%s%s[%s] %s\n", timestamp, prefix, level, msg)
 }
 
-func (w *LogMonitor) log(level LogLevel, msg string) {
+func (w *Monitor) log(level Level, msg string) {
 	if level < w.level {
 		return
 	}
 	w.Write(w.formatMessage(level.String(), msg))
 }
 
-func (w *LogMonitor) Debug(msg string) {
-	w.log(LevelDebug, msg)
-}
+func (w *Monitor) Debug(msg string) { w.log(LevelDebug, msg) }
+func (w *Monitor) Info(msg string)  { w.log(LevelInfo, msg) }
+func (w *Monitor) Warn(msg string)  { w.log(LevelWarn, msg) }
+func (w *Monitor) Error(msg string) { w.log(LevelError, msg) }
 
-func (w *LogMonitor) Info(msg string) {
-	w.log(LevelInfo, msg)
-}
-
-func (w *LogMonitor) Warn(msg string) {
-	w.log(LevelWarn, msg)
-}
-
-func (w *LogMonitor) Error(msg string) {
-	w.log(LevelError, msg)
-}
-
-func (w *LogMonitor) Debugf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
+func (w *Monitor) Debugf(format string, args ...any) {
 	w.log(LevelDebug, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
 }
 
-func (w *LogMonitor) Infof(format string, args ...interface{}) {
+func (w *Monitor) Infof(format string, args ...any) {
 	w.log(LevelInfo, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
 }
 
-func (w *LogMonitor) Warnf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
+func (w *Monitor) Warnf(format string, args ...any) {
 	w.log(LevelWarn, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
 }
 
-func (w *LogMonitor) Errorf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
+func (w *Monitor) Errorf(format string, args ...any) {
 	w.log(LevelError, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
 }
 
-func (l LogLevel) String() string {
+func (l Level) String() string {
 	switch l {
 	case LevelDebug:
 		return "DEBUG"

internal/logmon/logging_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package proxy
+package logmon
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
@@ -10,9 +10,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestLogMonitor(t *testing.T) {
-	logMonitor := NewLogMonitorWriter(io.Discard)
+	logMonitor := NewWriter(io.Discard)
 
-	// A WaitGroup is used to wait for all the expected writes to complete
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 
 	client1Messages := make([]byte, 0)
@@ -34,10 +33,8 @@ func TestLogMonitor(t *testing.T) {
 	logMonitor.Write([]byte("2"))
 	logMonitor.Write([]byte("3"))
 
-	// wait for all writes to complete
 	wg.Wait()
 
-	// Check the buffer
 	expectedHistory := "123"
 	history := string(logMonitor.GetHistory())
 
@@ -57,14 +54,11 @@ func TestLogMonitor(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestWrite_ImmutableBuffer(t *testing.T) {
-	// Create a new LogMonitor instance
-	lm := NewLogMonitorWriter(io.Discard)
+	lm := NewWriter(io.Discard)
 
-	// Prepare a message to write
 	msg := []byte("Hello, World!")
 	lenmsg := len(msg)
 
-	// Write the message to the LogMonitor
 	n, err := lm.Write(msg)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Write failed: %v", err)
@@ -74,13 +68,10 @@ func TestWrite_ImmutableBuffer(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Expected %d bytes written but got %d", lenmsg, n)
 	}
 
-	// Change the original message
-	msg[0] = 'B' // This should not affect the buffer
+	msg[0] = 'B'
 
-	// Get the history from the LogMonitor
 	history := lm.GetHistory()
 
-	// Check that the history contains the original message, not the modified one
 	expected := []byte("Hello, World!")
 	if !bytes.Equal(history, expected) {
 		t.Errorf("Expected history to be %q, got %q", expected, history)
@@ -88,16 +79,12 @@ func TestWrite_ImmutableBuffer(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestWrite_LogTimeFormat(t *testing.T) {
-	// Create a new LogMonitor instance
-	lm := NewLogMonitorWriter(io.Discard)
+	lm := NewWriter(io.Discard)
 
-	// Enable timestamps
 	lm.timeFormat = time.RFC3339
 
-	// Write the message to the LogMonitor
 	lm.Info("Hello, World!")
 
-	// Get the history from the LogMonitor
 	history := lm.GetHistory()
 
 	timestamp := ""
@@ -115,48 +102,40 @@ func TestWrite_LogTimeFormat(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCircularBuffer_WrapAround(t *testing.T) {
-	// Create a small buffer to test wrap-around
 	cb := newCircularBuffer(10)
 
-	// Write "hello" (5 bytes)
 	cb.Write([]byte("hello"))
 	if got := string(cb.GetHistory()); got != "hello" {
 		t.Errorf("Expected 'hello', got %q", got)
 	}
 
-	// Write "world" (5 bytes) - buffer now full
 	cb.Write([]byte("world"))
 	if got := string(cb.GetHistory()); got != "helloworld" {
 		t.Errorf("Expected 'helloworld', got %q", got)
 	}
 
-	// Write "12345" (5 bytes) - should overwrite "hello"
 	cb.Write([]byte("12345"))
 	if got := string(cb.GetHistory()); got != "world12345" {
 		t.Errorf("Expected 'world12345', got %q", got)
 	}
 
-	// Write data larger than buffer capacity
-	cb.Write([]byte("abcdefghijklmnop")) // 16 bytes, only last 10 kept
+	cb.Write([]byte("abcdefghijklmnop"))
 	if got := string(cb.GetHistory()); got != "ghijklmnop" {
 		t.Errorf("Expected 'ghijklmnop', got %q", got)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestCircularBuffer_BoundaryConditions(t *testing.T) {
-	// Test empty buffer
 	cb := newCircularBuffer(10)
 	if got := cb.GetHistory(); got != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Expected nil for empty buffer, got %q", got)
 	}
 
-	// Test exact capacity
 	cb.Write([]byte("1234567890"))
 	if got := string(cb.GetHistory()); got != "1234567890" {
 		t.Errorf("Expected '1234567890', got %q", got)
 	}
 
-	// Test write exactly at capacity boundary
 	cb = newCircularBuffer(10)
 	cb.Write([]byte("12345"))
 	cb.Write([]byte("67890"))
@@ -166,19 +145,16 @@ func TestCircularBuffer_BoundaryConditions(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestLogMonitor_LazyInit(t *testing.T) {
-	lm := NewLogMonitorWriter(io.Discard)
+	lm := NewWriter(io.Discard)
 
-	// Buffer should be nil before any writes
 	if lm.buffer != nil {
 		t.Error("Expected buffer to be nil before first write")
 	}
 
-	// GetHistory should return nil when buffer is nil
 	if got := lm.GetHistory(); got != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Expected nil history before first write, got %q", got)
 	}
 
-	// Write should lazily initialize the buffer
 	lm.Write([]byte("test"))
 
 	if lm.buffer == nil {
@@ -191,15 +167,13 @@ func TestLogMonitor_LazyInit(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestLogMonitor_Clear(t *testing.T) {
-	lm := NewLogMonitorWriter(io.Discard)
+	lm := NewWriter(io.Discard)
 
-	// Write some data
 	lm.Write([]byte("hello"))
 	if got := string(lm.GetHistory()); got != "hello" {
 		t.Errorf("Expected 'hello', got %q", got)
 	}
 
-	// Clear should release the buffer
 	lm.Clear()
 
 	if lm.buffer != nil {
@@ -212,9 +186,8 @@ func TestLogMonitor_Clear(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestLogMonitor_ClearAndReuse(t *testing.T) {
-	lm := NewLogMonitorWriter(io.Discard)
+	lm := NewWriter(io.Discard)
 
-	// Write, clear, then write again
 	lm.Write([]byte("first"))
 	lm.Clear()
 	lm.Write([]byte("second"))
@@ -225,13 +198,12 @@ func TestLogMonitor_ClearAndReuse(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func BenchmarkLogMonitorWrite(b *testing.B) {
-	// Test data of varying sizes
 	smallMsg := []byte("small message\n")
 	mediumMsg := []byte(strings.Repeat("medium message content ", 10) + "\n")
 	largeMsg := []byte(strings.Repeat("large message content for benchmarking ", 100) + "\n")
 
 	b.Run("SmallWrite", func(b *testing.B) {
-		lm := NewLogMonitorWriter(io.Discard)
+		lm := NewWriter(io.Discard)
 		b.ResetTimer()
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 			lm.Write(smallMsg)
@@ -239,7 +211,7 @@ func BenchmarkLogMonitorWrite(b *testing.B) {
 	})
 
 	b.Run("MediumWrite", func(b *testing.B) {
-		lm := NewLogMonitorWriter(io.Discard)
+		lm := NewWriter(io.Discard)
 		b.ResetTimer()
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 			lm.Write(mediumMsg)
@@ -247,7 +219,7 @@ func BenchmarkLogMonitorWrite(b *testing.B) {
 	})
 
 	b.Run("LargeWrite", func(b *testing.B) {
-		lm := NewLogMonitorWriter(io.Discard)
+		lm := NewWriter(io.Discard)
 		b.ResetTimer()
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 			lm.Write(largeMsg)
@@ -255,8 +227,7 @@ func BenchmarkLogMonitorWrite(b *testing.B) {
 	})
 
 	b.Run("WithSubscribers", func(b *testing.B) {
-		lm := NewLogMonitorWriter(io.Discard)
-		// Add some subscribers
+		lm := NewWriter(io.Discard)
 		for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
 			lm.OnLogData(func(data []byte) {})
 		}
@@ -267,8 +238,7 @@ func BenchmarkLogMonitorWrite(b *testing.B) {
 	})
 
 	b.Run("GetHistory", func(b *testing.B) {
-		lm := NewLogMonitorWriter(io.Discard)
-		// Pre-populate with data
+		lm := NewWriter(io.Discard)
 		for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
 			lm.Write(mediumMsg)
 		}
@@ -278,39 +248,3 @@ func BenchmarkLogMonitorWrite(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	})
 }
-
-/*
-Benchmark Results - MBP M1 Pro
-
-Before (ring.Ring):
-| Benchmark                       | ns/op      | bytes/op | allocs/op |
-|---------------------------------|------------|----------|-----------|
-| SmallWrite (14B)                | 43 ns      | 40 B     | 2         |
-| MediumWrite (241B)              | 76 ns      | 264 B    | 2         |
-| LargeWrite (4KB)                | 504 ns     | 4,120 B  | 2         |
-| WithSubscribers (5 subs)        | 355 ns     | 264 B    | 2         |
-| GetHistory (after 1000 writes)  | 145,000 ns | 1.2 MB   | 22        |
-
-After (circularBuffer 10KB):
-| Benchmark                       | ns/op      | bytes/op | allocs/op |
-|---------------------------------|------------|----------|-----------|
-| SmallWrite (14B)                | 26 ns      | 16 B     | 1         |
-| MediumWrite (241B)              | 67 ns      | 240 B    | 1         |
-| LargeWrite (4KB)                | 774 ns     | 4,096 B  | 1         |
-| WithSubscribers (5 subs)        | 325 ns     | 240 B    | 1         |
-| GetHistory (after 1000 writes)  | 1,042 ns   | 10,240 B | 1         |
-
-After (circularBuffer 100KB):
-| Benchmark                       | ns/op      | bytes/op  | allocs/op |
-|---------------------------------|------------|-----------|-----------|
-| SmallWrite (14B)                | 26 ns      | 16 B      | 1         |
-| MediumWrite (241B)              | 66 ns      | 240 B     | 1         |
-| LargeWrite (4KB)                | 753 ns     | 4,096 B   | 1         |
-| WithSubscribers (5 subs)        | 309 ns     | 240 B     | 1         |
-| GetHistory (after 1000 writes)  | 7,788 ns   | 106,496 B | 1         |
-
-Summary:
-- GetHistory: 139x faster (10KB), 18x faster (100KB)
-- Allocations: reduced from 2 to 1 across all operations
-- Small/medium writes: ~1.1-1.6x faster
-*/

internal/perf/d3dkmt_types.go

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+package perf
+
+type LUID struct {
+	LowPart  uint32
+	HighPart int32
+}
+
+const maxEnumAdapters = 16
+
+type D3DKMT_ENUMADAPTERS2 struct {
+	NumAdapters uint32
+	pAdapters   uintptr
+}
+
+type D3DKMT_ADAPTERINFO struct {
+	hAdapter                     uint32
+	AdapterLuid                  LUID
+	NumOfSources                 uint32
+	bPresentMoveRegionsPreferred int32
+}
+
+type D3DKMT_OPENADAPTERFROMLUID struct {
+	AdapterLuid LUID
+	hAdapter    uint32
+}
+
+type D3DKMT_CLOSEADAPTER struct {
+	hAdapter uint32
+}
+
+type KMTQUERYADAPTERINFOTYPE int32
+
+const (
+	KMTQAITYPE_UMDRIVERPRIVATE          KMTQUERYADAPTERINFOTYPE = 0
+	KMTQAITYPE_ADAPTERREGISTRYINFO      KMTQUERYADAPTERINFOTYPE = 8
+	KMTQAITYPE_DRIVERVERSION            KMTQUERYADAPTERINFOTYPE = 13
+	KMTQAITYPE_PHYSICALADAPTERDEVICEIDS KMTQUERYADAPTERINFOTYPE = 31
+	KMTQAITYPE_NODEPERFDATA             KMTQUERYADAPTERINFOTYPE = 61
+	KMTQAITYPE_ADAPTERPERFDATA          KMTQUERYADAPTERINFOTYPE = 62
+	KMTQAITYPE_ADAPTERPERFDATA_CAPS     KMTQUERYADAPTERINFOTYPE = 63
+)
+
+type D3DKMT_QUERYADAPTERINFO struct {
+	hAdapter              uint32
+	Type                  KMTQUERYADAPTERINFOTYPE
+	pPrivateDriverData    uintptr
+	PrivateDriverDataSize uint32
+}
+
+type D3DKMT_ADAPTER_PERFDATA struct {
+	PhysicalAdapterIndex uint32
+	MemoryFrequency      uint64
+	MaxMemoryFrequency   uint64
+	MaxMemoryFrequencyOC uint64
+	MemoryBandwidth      uint64
+	PCIEBandwidth        uint64
+	FanRPM               uint32
+	Power                uint32
+	Temperature          uint32
+	PowerStateOverride   byte
+}
+
+type D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_TYPE int32
+
+const (
+	D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_ADAPTER             D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_TYPE = 0
+	D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_PROCESS             D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_TYPE = 1
+	D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_PROCESS_ADAPTER     D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_TYPE = 2
+	D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_SEGMENT             D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_TYPE = 3
+	D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_PROCESS_SEGMENT     D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_TYPE = 4
+	D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_NODE                D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_TYPE = 5
+	D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_PROCESS_NODE        D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_TYPE = 6
+	D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_VIDPNSOURCE         D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_TYPE = 7
+	D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_PROCESS_VIDPNSOURCE D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_TYPE = 8
+)
+
+type D3DKMT_ADAPTER_PERFDATACAPS struct {
+	PhysicalAdapterIndex uint32
+	MaxMemoryBandwidth   uint64
+	MaxPCIEBandwidth     uint64
+	MaxFanRPM            uint32
+	TemperatureMax       uint32
+	TemperatureWarning   uint32
+}
+
+type D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_QUERY_SEGMENT struct {
+	SegmentId uint32
+}
+
+type D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_QUERY_NODE struct {
+	NodeId uint32
+}

internal/perf/d3dkmt_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,529 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package perf
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/logmon"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+var (
+	d3dkmDLL                *windows.LazyDLL
+	procEnumAdapters2       *windows.LazyProc
+	procOpenAdapterFromLuid *windows.LazyProc
+	procCloseAdapter        *windows.LazyProc
+	procQueryAdapterInfo    *windows.LazyProc
+	procQueryStatistics     *windows.LazyProc
+	d3dkmtInitOnce          sync.Once
+	d3dkmtInitErr           error
+)
+
+// initD3DKMT lazily loads gdi32.dll and resolves D3DKMT function pointers.
+// Safe for concurrent use via sync.Once.
+func initD3DKMT() error {
+	d3dkmtInitOnce.Do(func() {
+		d3dkmDLL = windows.NewLazySystemDLL("gdi32.dll")
+
+		procEnumAdapters2 = d3dkmDLL.NewProc("D3DKMTEnumAdapters2")
+		procOpenAdapterFromLuid = d3dkmDLL.NewProc("D3DKMTOpenAdapterFromLuid")
+		procCloseAdapter = d3dkmDLL.NewProc("D3DKMTCloseAdapter")
+		procQueryAdapterInfo = d3dkmDLL.NewProc("D3DKMTQueryAdapterInfo")
+		procQueryStatistics = d3dkmDLL.NewProc("D3DKMTQueryStatistics")
+
+		for name, p := range map[string]*windows.LazyProc{
+			"D3DKMTEnumAdapters2":       procEnumAdapters2,
+			"D3DKMTOpenAdapterFromLuid": procOpenAdapterFromLuid,
+			"D3DKMTCloseAdapter":        procCloseAdapter,
+			"D3DKMTQueryAdapterInfo":    procQueryAdapterInfo,
+			"D3DKMTQueryStatistics":     procQueryStatistics,
+		} {
+			if err := p.Find(); err != nil {
+				d3dkmtInitErr = fmt.Errorf("D3DKMT %s not found: %w", name, err)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	})
+	return d3dkmtInitErr
+}
+
+// ntstatusCall invokes a D3DKMT function and returns a non-nil error if the
+// NTSTATUS result is not STATUS_SUCCESS (0).
+func ntstatusCall(proc *windows.LazyProc, arg unsafe.Pointer) error {
+	ret, _, _ := proc.Call(uintptr(arg))
+	if ret != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("NTSTATUS 0x%08x", uint32(ret))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// d3dkmEnumerateAdapters enumerates all available graphics adapters via
+// D3DKMTEnumAdapters2.
+func d3dkmEnumerateAdapters() ([]D3DKMT_ADAPTERINFO, error) {
+	var adapters [maxEnumAdapters]D3DKMT_ADAPTERINFO
+	enum := D3DKMT_ENUMADAPTERS2{
+		NumAdapters: maxEnumAdapters,
+		pAdapters:   uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&adapters[0])),
+	}
+	if err := ntstatusCall(procEnumAdapters2, unsafe.Pointer(&enum)); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("EnumAdapters2: %w", err)
+	}
+	if enum.NumAdapters == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no adapters found")
+	}
+	result := make([]D3DKMT_ADAPTERINFO, enum.NumAdapters)
+	for i := uint32(0); i < enum.NumAdapters; i++ {
+		result[i] = adapters[i]
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// d3dkmOpenAdapter opens a D3DKMT adapter handle for the given LUID.
+func d3dkmOpenAdapter(luid LUID) (uint32, error) {
+	req := D3DKMT_OPENADAPTERFROMLUID{
+		AdapterLuid: luid,
+	}
+	if err := ntstatusCall(procOpenAdapterFromLuid, unsafe.Pointer(&req)); err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("OpenAdapterFromLuid: %w", err)
+	}
+	return req.hAdapter, nil
+}
+
+// d3dkmCloseAdapter closes a previously opened D3DKMT adapter handle.
+func d3dkmCloseAdapter(hAdapter uint32) error {
+	req := D3DKMT_CLOSEADAPTER{hAdapter: hAdapter}
+	return ntstatusCall(procCloseAdapter, unsafe.Pointer(&req))
+}
+
+// d3dkmGetAdapterPerfData queries per-adapter performance data (temperature,
+// fan RPM, power, bandwidth) via KMTQAITYPE_ADAPTERPERFDATA.
+func d3dkmGetAdapterPerfData(hAdapter uint32) (*D3DKMT_ADAPTER_PERFDATA, error) {
+	var data D3DKMT_ADAPTER_PERFDATA
+	req := D3DKMT_QUERYADAPTERINFO{
+		hAdapter:              hAdapter,
+		Type:                  KMTQAITYPE_ADAPTERPERFDATA,
+		pPrivateDriverData:    uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&data)),
+		PrivateDriverDataSize: uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(data)),
+	}
+	if err := ntstatusCall(procQueryAdapterInfo, unsafe.Pointer(&req)); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("QueryAdapterInfo(ADAPTERPERFDATA): %w", err)
+	}
+	return &data, nil
+}
+
+// d3dkmGetAdapterPerfDataCaps queries static adapter performance capabilities
+// (max fan RPM, temperature limits, max bandwidth) via KMTQAITYPE_ADAPTERPERFDATA_CAPS.
+func d3dkmGetAdapterPerfDataCaps(hAdapter uint32) (*D3DKMT_ADAPTER_PERFDATACAPS, error) {
+	var data D3DKMT_ADAPTER_PERFDATACAPS
+	req := D3DKMT_QUERYADAPTERINFO{
+		hAdapter:              hAdapter,
+		Type:                  KMTQAITYPE_ADAPTERPERFDATA_CAPS,
+		pPrivateDriverData:    uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&data)),
+		PrivateDriverDataSize: uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(data)),
+	}
+	if err := ntstatusCall(procQueryAdapterInfo, unsafe.Pointer(&req)); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("QueryAdapterInfo(ADAPTERPERFDATACAPS): %w", err)
+	}
+	return &data, nil
+}
+
+type queryStatsBuffer struct {
+	Type        int32   // offset 0
+	AdapterLuid LUID    // offset 4
+	hProcess    uintptr // offset 16
+	// _result mirrors the D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_RESULT union.
+	// sizeof(D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS) == 0x328 (808 bytes) on x64.
+	//
+	// The C struct layout (x64):
+	//   offset  0: Type (int32, 4 bytes)
+	//   offset  4: AdapterLuid (LUID, 8 bytes)
+	//   offset 12: 4 bytes padding (for 8-byte alignment of hProcess)
+	//   offset 16: hProcess (HANDLE, 8 bytes)
+	//   offset 24: QueryResult (union, 780 bytes — largest member is AdapterInformation)
+	//   offset 804: anonymous input union (QueryNode.NodeId / QuerySegment.SegmentId, 4 bytes)
+	//
+	// Previous bug: _result was [776]byte, placing QueryId at offset 800 instead of 804.
+	// The kernel read NodeId/SegmentId from offset 804 (always zero from _pad),
+	// causing all NODE and SEGMENT queries to use index 0 regardless of the value
+	// passed in QueryId. This produced alternating behavior where only GPU util OR
+	// memory util appeared to work, depending on which test variant happened to put
+	// non-zero data near offset 804 in the result buffer.
+	_result [780]byte // offset 24, size 780 — places QueryId at offset 804
+	QueryId int32     // offset 804 — matches C anonymous union for NodeId/SegmentId
+}
+
+func init() {
+	var buf queryStatsBuffer
+	if unsafe.Sizeof(buf) != 808 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("queryStatsBuffer size %d != expected 808 (sizeof D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS on x64)", unsafe.Sizeof(buf)))
+	}
+	if unsafe.Offsetof(buf.QueryId) != 804 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("queryStatsBuffer.QueryId offset %d != expected 804 (C anonymous union offset)", unsafe.Offsetof(buf.QueryId)))
+	}
+
+	var perfData D3DKMT_ADAPTER_PERFDATA
+	if unsafe.Sizeof(perfData) != 64 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("D3DKMT_ADAPTER_PERFDATA size %d != expected 64 on x64", unsafe.Sizeof(perfData)))
+	}
+
+	var caps D3DKMT_ADAPTER_PERFDATACAPS
+	if unsafe.Sizeof(caps) != 40 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("D3DKMT_ADAPTER_PERFDATACAPS size %d != expected 40 on x64", unsafe.Sizeof(caps)))
+	}
+}
+
+const (
+	qsoffsetNbSegments        = 0
+	qsoffsetNodeCount         = 4
+	qsoffsetCommitLimit       = 0
+	qsoffsetBytesCommitted    = 8
+	qsoffsetBytesResident     = 16
+	qsoffsetRunningTime       = 0
+	qsoffsetSystemRunningTime = 272
+)
+
+// d3dkmQueryAdapterStats returns the number of memory segments and compute
+// nodes for the adapter identified by luid.
+func d3dkmQueryAdapterStats(luid LUID) (nbSegments uint32, nodeCount uint32, err error) {
+	buf := queryStatsBuffer{
+		Type:        int32(D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_ADAPTER),
+		AdapterLuid: luid,
+	}
+	if err := ntstatusCall(procQueryStatistics, unsafe.Pointer(&buf)); err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("QueryStatistics(ADAPTER): %w", err)
+	}
+	nbSegments = binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(buf._result[qsoffsetNbSegments : qsoffsetNbSegments+4])
+	nodeCount = binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(buf._result[qsoffsetNodeCount : qsoffsetNodeCount+4])
+	return nbSegments, nodeCount, nil
+}
+
+// d3dkmQuerySegmentStats returns the commit limit (total) and resident
+// (used) bytes for the given memory segment of an adapter.
+func d3dkmQuerySegmentStats(luid LUID, segmentID uint32) (commitLimit uint64, bytesResident uint64, err error) {
+	buf := queryStatsBuffer{
+		Type:        int32(D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_SEGMENT),
+		AdapterLuid: luid,
+		QueryId:     int32(segmentID),
+	}
+	if err := ntstatusCall(procQueryStatistics, unsafe.Pointer(&buf)); err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("QueryStatistics(SEGMENT %d): %w", segmentID, err)
+	}
+	commitLimit = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(buf._result[qsoffsetCommitLimit : qsoffsetCommitLimit+8])
+	bytesResident = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(buf._result[qsoffsetBytesResident : qsoffsetBytesResident+8])
+	if bytesResident == 0 {
+		bytesResident = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(buf._result[qsoffsetBytesCommitted : qsoffsetBytesCommitted+8])
+	}
+	return commitLimit, bytesResident, nil
+}
+
+// d3dkmQueryNodeStats returns the global and system running time counters
+// (in 100ns units) for the given compute node of an adapter.
+func d3dkmQueryNodeStats(luid LUID, nodeID uint32) (runningTime uint64, systemRunningTime uint64, err error) {
+	buf := queryStatsBuffer{
+		Type:        int32(D3DKMT_QUERYSTATISTICS_NODE),
+		AdapterLuid: luid,
+		QueryId:     int32(nodeID),
+	}
+	if err := ntstatusCall(procQueryStatistics, unsafe.Pointer(&buf)); err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("QueryStatistics(NODE %d): %w", nodeID, err)
+	}
+	runningTime = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(buf._result[qsoffsetRunningTime : qsoffsetRunningTime+8])
+	systemRunningTime = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(buf._result[qsoffsetSystemRunningTime : qsoffsetSystemRunningTime+8])
+	return runningTime, systemRunningTime, nil
+}
+
+type nodeRunningTimes struct {
+	Global uint64
+	System uint64
+}
+
+// d3dkmtNodeUtil computes GPU node utilization as a percentage from running
+// time deltas. Returns -1 if counters went backwards (wrap/reset), 0 if idle.
+func d3dkmtNodeUtil(prevRT, curRT nodeRunningTimes, elapsed100ns int64) float64 {
+	if curRT.Global < prevRT.Global || curRT.System < prevRT.System {
+		return -1
+	}
+	gd := curRT.Global - prevRT.Global
+	sd := curRT.System - prevRT.System
+
+	if gd > 0 && sd > 0 {
+		util := float64(gd) / float64(sd)
+		if util > 1.0 {
+			util = 1.0
+		}
+		return util * 100.0
+	} else if gd > 0 && elapsed100ns > 0 {
+		util := float64(gd) / float64(elapsed100ns) * 100.0
+		if util > 100.0 {
+			util = 100.0
+		}
+		return util
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// d3dkmtFanPct returns fan speed as a percentage of maxFanRPM, clamped to
+// 100%. Returns 0 if maxFanRPM is unavailable or fan is not spinning.
+func d3dkmtFanPct(fanRPM, maxFanRPM uint32) float64 {
+	if maxFanRPM > 0 && fanRPM > 0 {
+		pct := float64(fanRPM) / float64(maxFanRPM) * 100.0
+		if pct > 100.0 {
+			pct = 100.0
+		}
+		return pct
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// d3dkmtPowerW converts power from deci-watts (as reported by D3DKMT) to
+// watts. Returns 0 if the power value is zero.
+func d3dkmtPowerW(power uint32) float64 {
+	if power > 0 {
+		return float64(power) / 10.0
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// d3dkmtTempC converts temperature from deci-Celsius (as reported by D3DKMT)
+// to degrees Celsius.
+func d3dkmtTempC(tempDeciC uint32) int {
+	return int(tempDeciC / 10)
+}
+
+type d3dkmtAdapterState struct {
+	luid       LUID
+	hAdapter   uint32
+	nbSegments uint32
+	nodeCount  uint32
+	maxFanRPM  uint32
+	prevNodeRT map[uint32]nodeRunningTimes
+	prevTime   time.Time
+}
+
+// tryD3DKMT attempts to start GPU monitoring using D3DKMT and optional PDH
+// counters. It returns a channel of GpuStat snapshots or an error if no
+// usable adapters are found.
+func tryD3DKMT(ctx context.Context, every time.Duration, logger *logmon.Monitor) (chan []GpuStat, error) {
+	if err := initD3DKMT(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	adapterInfos, err := d3dkmEnumerateAdapters()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	type adapterMeta struct {
+		luid       LUID
+		nbSegments uint32
+		nodeCount  uint32
+		maxFanRPM  uint32
+	}
+
+	var metaList []adapterMeta
+
+	for i, ai := range adapterInfos {
+		hAdapter, err := d3dkmOpenAdapter(ai.AdapterLuid)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Debugf("adapter %d: open failed: %s", i, err.Error())
+			continue
+		}
+
+		nbSegments, nodeCount, err := d3dkmQueryAdapterStats(ai.AdapterLuid)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Debugf("adapter %d: query stats failed: %s", i, err.Error())
+			d3dkmCloseAdapter(hAdapter)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		caps, err := d3dkmGetAdapterPerfDataCaps(hAdapter)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Debugf("adapter %d: perf caps failed: %s", i, err.Error())
+		}
+
+		d3dkmCloseAdapter(hAdapter)
+
+		var maxFanRPM uint32
+		if caps != nil {
+			maxFanRPM = caps.MaxFanRPM
+		}
+
+		metaList = append(metaList, adapterMeta{
+			luid:       ai.AdapterLuid,
+			nbSegments: nbSegments,
+			nodeCount:  nodeCount,
+			maxFanRPM:  maxFanRPM,
+		})
+		logger.Debugf("adapter %d: segments=%d nodes=%d fan_max=%d luid=%d:%d", i, nbSegments, nodeCount, maxFanRPM, ai.AdapterLuid.HighPart, ai.AdapterLuid.LowPart)
+	}
+
+	if len(metaList) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no usable D3DKMT adapters found")
+	}
+
+	pdhUtil, pdhErr := initPdhGpuUtil()
+	if pdhErr != nil {
+		logger.Debugf("PDH GPU utilization not available: %s", pdhErr.Error())
+	} else {
+		logger.Info("using PDH performance counters for GPU utilization")
+	}
+
+	ch := make(chan []GpuStat, 1)
+
+	go func() {
+		defer close(ch)
+		if pdhUtil != nil {
+			defer pdhUtil.close()
+		}
+
+		var adapters []d3dkmtAdapterState
+		for _, m := range metaList {
+			hAdapter, err := d3dkmOpenAdapter(m.luid)
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.Debugf("reopen adapter failed: %s", err.Error())
+				continue
+			}
+			adapters = append(adapters, d3dkmtAdapterState{
+				luid:       m.luid,
+				hAdapter:   hAdapter,
+				nbSegments: m.nbSegments,
+				nodeCount:  m.nodeCount,
+				maxFanRPM:  m.maxFanRPM,
+				prevNodeRT: make(map[uint32]nodeRunningTimes),
+			})
+		}
+
+		if len(adapters) == 0 {
+			return
+		}
+
+		defer func() {
+			for _, a := range adapters {
+				d3dkmCloseAdapter(a.hAdapter)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		for i := range adapters {
+			a := &adapters[i]
+			for node := uint32(0); node < a.nodeCount; node++ {
+				globalRT, systemRT, err := d3dkmQueryNodeStats(a.luid, node)
+				if err != nil {
+					continue
+				}
+				a.prevNodeRT[node] = nodeRunningTimes{Global: globalRT, System: systemRT}
+			}
+			a.prevTime = time.Now()
+		}
+
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(every)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				stats := make([]GpuStat, 0, len(adapters))
+				now := time.Now()
+
+				var pdhUtilMap map[LUID]float64
+				if pdhUtil != nil {
+					pdhUtilMap = pdhUtil.collect()
+				}
+
+				for i := range adapters {
+					a := &adapters[i]
+
+					perfData, err := d3dkmGetAdapterPerfData(a.hAdapter)
+					if err != nil {
+						logger.Debugf("adapter %d perfdata: %s", i, err.Error())
+						continue
+					}
+
+					var memUsedMB, memTotalMB int
+					for seg := uint32(0); seg < a.nbSegments; seg++ {
+						limit, resident, err := d3dkmQuerySegmentStats(a.luid, seg)
+						if err != nil {
+							continue
+						}
+						memUsedMB += int(resident / (1024 * 1024))
+						memTotalMB += int(limit / (1024 * 1024))
+					}
+
+					var gpuUtil float64
+					pdhGaveValue := false
+					if pdhUtilMap != nil {
+						if util, ok := pdhUtilMap[a.luid]; ok {
+							gpuUtil = util
+							pdhGaveValue = true
+						}
+					}
+
+					if !pdhGaveValue && a.nodeCount > 0 {
+						elapsedNs := now.Sub(a.prevTime).Nanoseconds()
+						elapsed100ns := elapsedNs / 100
+
+						for node := uint32(0); node < a.nodeCount; node++ {
+							globalRT, systemRT, err := d3dkmQueryNodeStats(a.luid, node)
+							if err != nil {
+								continue
+							}
+
+							if prevRT, ok := a.prevNodeRT[node]; ok {
+								if globalRT < prevRT.Global || systemRT < prevRT.System {
+									a.prevNodeRT[node] = nodeRunningTimes{Global: globalRT, System: systemRT}
+									continue
+								}
+								nodeUtil := d3dkmtNodeUtil(prevRT, nodeRunningTimes{Global: globalRT, System: systemRT}, elapsed100ns)
+								if nodeUtil > gpuUtil {
+									gpuUtil = nodeUtil
+								}
+							}
+							a.prevNodeRT[node] = nodeRunningTimes{Global: globalRT, System: systemRT}
+						}
+
+						a.prevTime = now
+					}
+
+					tempC := d3dkmtTempC(perfData.Temperature)
+
+					fanSpeedPct := d3dkmtFanPct(perfData.FanRPM, a.maxFanRPM)
+					powerDrawW := d3dkmtPowerW(perfData.Power)
+
+					var memUtilPct float64
+					if memTotalMB > 0 {
+						memUtilPct = float64(memUsedMB) / float64(memTotalMB) * 100.0
+					}
+
+					stats = append(stats, GpuStat{
+						Timestamp:   now,
+						ID:          i,
+						Name:        fmt.Sprintf("GPU %d", i),
+						TempC:       tempC,
+						GpuUtilPct:  gpuUtil,
+						MemUtilPct:  memUtilPct,
+						MemUsedMB:   memUsedMB,
+						MemTotalMB:  memTotalMB,
+						FanSpeedPct: fanSpeedPct,
+						PowerDrawW:  powerDrawW,
+					})
+				}
+
+				if len(stats) > 0 {
+					select {
+					case ch <- stats:
+					default:
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return ch, nil
+}

internal/perf/d3dkmt_windows_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package perf
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestD3dkmtNodeUtil_FullLoad(t *testing.T) {
+	prev := nodeRunningTimes{Global: 1000, System: 10000}
+	cur := nodeRunningTimes{Global: 5000, System: 14000}
+	got := d3dkmtNodeUtil(prev, cur, 100000)
+	assert.Equal(t, 100.0, got)
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtNodeUtil_PartialUtil(t *testing.T) {
+	prev := nodeRunningTimes{Global: 1000, System: 10000}
+	cur := nodeRunningTimes{Global: 3000, System: 14000}
+	got := d3dkmtNodeUtil(prev, cur, 100000)
+	assert.Equal(t, 50.0, got)
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtNodeUtil_Identical(t *testing.T) {
+	prev := nodeRunningTimes{Global: 10000, System: 10000}
+	cur := nodeRunningTimes{Global: 20000, System: 20000}
+	got := d3dkmtNodeUtil(prev, cur, 100000)
+	assert.Equal(t, 100.0, got)
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtNodeUtil_CounterWrap(t *testing.T) {
+	prev := nodeRunningTimes{Global: 9000, System: 10000}
+	cur := nodeRunningTimes{Global: 1000, System: 10000}
+	got := d3dkmtNodeUtil(prev, cur, 100000)
+	assert.Equal(t, -1.0, got)
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtNodeUtil_SystemWrap(t *testing.T) {
+	prev := nodeRunningTimes{Global: 1000, System: 9000}
+	cur := nodeRunningTimes{Global: 5000, System: 1000}
+	got := d3dkmtNodeUtil(prev, cur, 100000)
+	assert.Equal(t, -1.0, got)
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtNodeUtil_ZeroDelta(t *testing.T) {
+	prev := nodeRunningTimes{Global: 1000, System: 10000}
+	cur := nodeRunningTimes{Global: 1000, System: 10000}
+	got := d3dkmtNodeUtil(prev, cur, 100000)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0.0, got)
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtNodeUtil_ElapsedFallback(t *testing.T) {
+	prev := nodeRunningTimes{Global: 1000, System: 10000}
+	cur := nodeRunningTimes{Global: 6000, System: 10000}
+	got := d3dkmtNodeUtil(prev, cur, 50000)
+	assert.InDelta(t, 10.0, got, 0.01)
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtFanPct_Normal(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, 50.0, d3dkmtFanPct(1500, 3000))
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtFanPct_MaxFan(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, 100.0, d3dkmtFanPct(3000, 3000))
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtFanPct_OverMaxClamped(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, 100.0, d3dkmtFanPct(4000, 3000))
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtFanPct_ZeroMaxFan(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, 0.0, d3dkmtFanPct(1500, 0))
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtFanPct_ZeroFanRPM(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, 0.0, d3dkmtFanPct(0, 3000))
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtFanPct_BothZero(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, 0.0, d3dkmtFanPct(0, 0))
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtPowerW(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, 250.0, d3dkmtPowerW(2500))
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtPowerW_Zero(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, 0.0, d3dkmtPowerW(0))
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtTempC(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, 65, d3dkmtTempC(650))
+}
+
+func TestD3dkmtTempC_Zero(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, d3dkmtTempC(0))
+}

internal/perf/gpu_parse.go

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+package perf
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// ParseNvidiaSmiLine parses a single line from nvidia-smi CSV output.
+// Format: index,name,uuid,temperature.gpu,utilization.gpu,memory.used,memory.total,fan.speed,power.draw
+func ParseNvidiaSmiLine(line string) *GpuStat {
+	fields := strings.Split(line, ",")
+	if len(fields) < 9 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	id, _ := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(fields[0]))
+	name := strings.TrimSpace(fields[1])
+	uuid := strings.TrimSpace(fields[2])
+	tempC, _ := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(fields[3]))
+	gpuUtil, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(strings.TrimSpace(fields[4]), 64)
+	memUsed, _ := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(fields[5]))
+	memTotal, _ := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(fields[6]))
+	fanSpeed, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(strings.TrimSpace(fields[7]), 64)
+	powerDraw, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(strings.TrimSpace(fields[8]), 64)
+
+	var memUtil float64
+	if memTotal > 0 {
+		memUtil = float64(memUsed) / float64(memTotal) * 100
+	}
+
+	return &GpuStat{
+		Timestamp:   time.Now(),
+		ID:          id,
+		Name:        name,
+		UUID:        uuid,
+		TempC:       tempC,
+		GpuUtilPct:  gpuUtil,
+		MemUtilPct:  memUtil,
+		MemUsedMB:   memUsed,
+		MemTotalMB:  memTotal,
+		FanSpeedPct: fanSpeed,
+		PowerDrawW:  powerDraw,
+	}
+}
+
+// mactopOutput maps the subset of mactop's headless JSON output that is
+// relevant to GpuStat. Note that mactop's memory object is whole-system memory,
+// not GPU-attributed; the darwin monitor overlays ioreg's GPU-attributed
+// unified memory (see overlayIoregMem) so both backends report consistent
+// memory figures.
+type mactopOutput struct {
+	SocMetrics struct {
+		GPUPower float64 `json:"gpu_power"`
+		GPUFreq  int     `json:"gpu_freq_mhz"`
+		GPUTemp  float64 `json:"gpu_temp"`
+	} `json:"soc_metrics"`
+	Memory struct {
+		Total uint64 `json:"total"`
+		Used  uint64 `json:"used"`
+	} `json:"memory"`
+	GPUUsage   float64 `json:"gpu_usage"`
+	SystemInfo struct {
+		Name         string `json:"name"`
+		GPUCoreCount int    `json:"gpu_core_count"`
+	} `json:"system_info"`
+	Fans []struct {
+		RPM    int `json:"rpm"`
+		MinRPM int `json:"min_rpm"`
+		MaxRPM int `json:"max_rpm"`
+	} `json:"fans"`
+	Temperatures []struct {
+		Group string  `json:"group"`
+		Avg   float64 `json:"avg_celsius"`
+	} `json:"temperatures"`
+}
+
+// ioreg output uses ` = ` (with spaces) for top-level device properties and
+// `=` (no spaces) for values inside nested dictionaries such as
+// PerformanceStatistics.
+var (
+	reIoregModel     = regexp.MustCompile(`"model"\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"`)
+	reIoregCoreCount = regexp.MustCompile(`"gpu-core-count"\s*=\s*(\d+)`)
+	reIoregUtil      = regexp.MustCompile(`"Device Utilization %"=(\d+)`)
+	reIoregMemUsed   = regexp.MustCompile(`"In use system memory"=(\d+)`)
+)
+
+// ParseIoregOutput parses `ioreg -r -c IOGPU -d 1 -f` output into a GpuStat for
+// the Apple Silicon integrated GPU. This is a fallback for when mactop is not
+// installed: utilization and used memory are available, but power, temperature,
+// and fan speed are not exposed by ioreg. memTotalMB is the unified memory size
+// supplied by the caller, since Apple Silicon shares memory between CPU and GPU.
+// Returns nil if no GPU device is found in the output.
+func ParseIoregOutput(out []byte, memTotalMB int) *GpuStat {
+	utilMatch := reIoregUtil.FindSubmatch(out)
+	memMatch := reIoregMemUsed.FindSubmatch(out)
+	if utilMatch == nil && memMatch == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var gpuUtil float64
+	if utilMatch != nil {
+		gpuUtil, _ = strconv.ParseFloat(string(utilMatch[1]), 64)
+	}
+
+	const toMB = 1024 * 1024
+	var memUsedMB int
+	if memMatch != nil {
+		memUsedBytes, _ := strconv.ParseInt(string(memMatch[1]), 10, 64)
+		memUsedMB = int(memUsedBytes / toMB)
+	}
+
+	var memUtil float64
+	if memTotalMB > 0 {
+		memUtil = float64(memUsedMB) / float64(memTotalMB) * 100
+	}
+
+	name := "Apple GPU"
+	if m := reIoregModel.FindSubmatch(out); m != nil {
+		name = string(m[1])
+	}
+	if m := reIoregCoreCount.FindSubmatch(out); m != nil {
+		if cores, err := strconv.Atoi(string(m[1])); err == nil && cores > 0 {
+			name = fmt.Sprintf("%s (%d-core GPU)", name, cores)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &GpuStat{
+		Timestamp:  time.Now(),
+		ID:         0,
+		Name:       name,
+		GpuUtilPct: gpuUtil,
+		MemUtilPct: memUtil,
+		MemUsedMB:  memUsedMB,
+		MemTotalMB: memTotalMB,
+	}
+}
+
+// ParseMactopLine parses a single line of mactop headless JSON output into a
+// GpuStat for the Apple Silicon integrated GPU. Returns nil if the line cannot
+// be parsed.
+func ParseMactopLine(line string) *GpuStat {
+	line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
+	if line == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var out mactopOutput
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(line), &out); err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	const toMB = 1024 * 1024
+	memUsedMB := int(out.Memory.Used / toMB)
+	memTotalMB := int(out.Memory.Total / toMB)
+
+	var memUtil float64
+	if memTotalMB > 0 {
+		memUtil = float64(memUsedMB) / float64(memTotalMB) * 100
+	}
+
+	name := out.SystemInfo.Name
+	if name == "" {
+		name = "Apple GPU"
+	}
+	if out.SystemInfo.GPUCoreCount > 0 {
+		name = fmt.Sprintf("%s (%d-core GPU)", name, out.SystemInfo.GPUCoreCount)
+	}
+
+	// Unified memory has no dedicated VRAM sensor; use the memory temperature
+	// group when mactop exposes it.
+	var vramTempC int
+	for _, t := range out.Temperatures {
+		if strings.EqualFold(t.Group, "Memory") {
+			vramTempC = int(math.Round(t.Avg))
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Average fan load across all fans as a percentage of their RPM range.
+	var fanSpeed float64
+	var fanCount int
+	for _, f := range out.Fans {
+		if f.MaxRPM > f.MinRPM {
+			pct := float64(f.RPM-f.MinRPM) / float64(f.MaxRPM-f.MinRPM) * 100
+			if pct < 0 {
+				pct = 0
+			}
+			fanSpeed += pct
+			fanCount++
+		}
+	}
+	if fanCount > 0 {
+		fanSpeed /= float64(fanCount)
+	}
+
+	return &GpuStat{
+		Timestamp:   time.Now(),
+		ID:          0,
+		Name:        name,
+		TempC:       int(math.Round(out.SocMetrics.GPUTemp)),
+		VramTempC:   vramTempC,
+		GpuUtilPct:  out.GPUUsage,
+		MemUtilPct:  memUtil,
+		MemUsedMB:   memUsedMB,
+		MemTotalMB:  memTotalMB,
+		FanSpeedPct: fanSpeed,
+		PowerDrawW:  out.SocMetrics.GPUPower,
+	}
+}

internal/perf/monitor.go

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+package perf
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/config"
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/logmon"
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/ring"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrNotImplemented = errors.New("not implemented")
+	ErrNoGpuTool      = errors.New("no GPU monitoring tool available")
+)
+
+type Monitor struct {
+	mutex   sync.RWMutex
+	log     *logmon.Monitor
+	conf    config.PerformanceConfig
+	sysRing ring.Buffer[SysStat]
+	gpuRing ring.Buffer[[]GpuStat]
+
+	stopCtx    context.Context
+	stopCancel context.CancelFunc
+
+	sysListeners map[chan SysStat]struct{}
+	gpuListeners map[chan []GpuStat]struct{}
+}
+
+func ringCapacity(c config.PerformanceConfig) int {
+	n := int(time.Hour / c.Every)
+	if n < 1 {
+		n = 1
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+func New(c config.PerformanceConfig, logger *logmon.Monitor) (*Monitor, error) {
+
+	if c.Every < 100*time.Millisecond {
+		c.Every = 100 * time.Millisecond
+	}
+
+	if logger == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("logger is required")
+	}
+
+	capacity := ringCapacity(c)
+	return &Monitor{
+		conf:         c,
+		log:          logger,
+		sysRing:      ring.NewBuffer[SysStat](capacity),
+		gpuRing:      ring.NewBuffer[[]GpuStat](capacity),
+		sysListeners: make(map[chan SysStat]struct{}),
+		gpuListeners: make(map[chan []GpuStat]struct{}),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (m *Monitor) Stop() {
+	m.mutex.Lock()
+	defer m.mutex.Unlock()
+	if m.stopCancel == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	m.stopCancel()
+	m.stopCancel = nil
+}
+
+// UpdateConfig updates the monitor configuration and restarts if changed.
+func (m *Monitor) UpdateConfig(newConf config.PerformanceConfig) {
+	m.mutex.RLock()
+	changed := m.conf != newConf
+	m.mutex.RUnlock()
+
+	if !changed {
+		return
+	}
+
+	m.Stop()
+	m.mutex.Lock()
+	m.conf = newConf
+	capacity := ringCapacity(newConf)
+	m.sysRing = ring.NewBuffer[SysStat](capacity)
+	m.gpuRing = ring.NewBuffer[[]GpuStat](capacity)
+	m.mutex.Unlock()
+	if !newConf.Disabled {
+		m.Start()
+	}
+}
+
+// Subscribe returns channels to listen to system and GPU stats.
+func (m *Monitor) Subscribe() (chan SysStat, chan []GpuStat, func()) {
+	m.mutex.Lock()
+	defer m.mutex.Unlock()
+	sysChan := make(chan SysStat, 1)
+	gpuChan := make(chan []GpuStat, 1)
+
+	m.sysListeners[sysChan] = struct{}{}
+	m.gpuListeners[gpuChan] = struct{}{}
+
+	unsub := func() {
+		m.mutex.Lock()
+		defer m.mutex.Unlock()
+		delete(m.sysListeners, sysChan)
+		delete(m.gpuListeners, gpuChan)
+	}
+
+	return sysChan, gpuChan, unsub
+}
+
+func (m *Monitor) Start() {
+	m.mutex.Lock()
+	defer m.mutex.Unlock()
+	if m.stopCancel != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	m.stopCtx, m.stopCancel = context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+
+	go func() {
+		tick := time.NewTicker(m.conf.Every)
+		defer tick.Stop()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-m.stopCtx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-tick.C:
+				s, err := ReadSysStats()
+				if err != nil {
+					if err != ErrNotImplemented {
+						m.log.Errorf("failed to read sys stats: %s", err.Error())
+					}
+					continue
+				}
+				m.mutex.Lock()
+				m.sysRing.Push(s)
+				for l := range m.sysListeners {
+					select {
+					case l <- s:
+					default:
+					}
+				}
+				m.mutex.Unlock()
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	go func() {
+		gpuCh, err := getGpuStats(m.stopCtx, m.conf.Every, m.log)
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, ErrNotImplemented) || errors.Is(err, ErrNoGpuTool) {
+				m.log.Infof("GPU monitoring not available: %s", err.Error())
+			} else {
+				m.log.Errorf("failed to initialize GPU monitoring: %s", err.Error())
+			}
+			return
+		}
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-m.stopCtx.Done():
+				return
+			case g, ok := <-gpuCh:
+				if !ok {
+					m.log.Errorf("failed reading from gpuCh - stopping read goroutine")
+					return
+				}
+				m.mutex.Lock()
+				m.gpuRing.Push(g)
+				for l := range m.gpuListeners {
+					select {
+					case l <- g:
+					default:
+					}
+				}
+				m.mutex.Unlock()
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+// Current returns a copy of the current log of system and GPU stats.
+func (m *Monitor) Current() ([]SysStat, []GpuStat) {
+	m.mutex.RLock()
+	defer m.mutex.RUnlock()
+
+	sysStats := m.sysRing.Slice()
+
+	snapshots := m.gpuRing.Slice()
+	var gpuStats []GpuStat
+	for _, snapshot := range snapshots {
+		gpuStats = append(gpuStats, snapshot...)
+	}
+	return sysStats, gpuStats
+}
+
+func ReadSysStats() (SysStat, error) {
+	return readSysStats()
+}
+
+func GetGpuStats(ctx context.Context, every time.Duration, logger *logmon.Monitor) (chan []GpuStat, error) {
+	return getGpuStats(ctx, every, logger)
+}

internal/perf/monitor_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+package perf
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/logmon"
+	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/cpu"
+	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/load"
+	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/mem"
+)
+
+func getGpuStats(ctx context.Context, every time.Duration, logger *logmon.Monitor) (chan []GpuStat, error) {
+	if ch, err := tryMactop(ctx, every, logger); err == nil {
+		logger.Info("using mactop for GPU monitoring")
+		return ch, nil
+	} else {
+		logger.Debugf("mactop: %s", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	if ch, err := tryIoreg(ctx, every, logger); err == nil {
+		logger.Info("using ioreg for GPU monitoring")
+		return ch, nil
+	} else {
+		logger.Debugf("ioreg: %s", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	return nil, ErrNoGpuTool
+}
+
+// tryIoreg polls `ioreg -r -c IOGPU -d 1 -f` for Apple Silicon GPU stats. It is
+// a fallback for when mactop is not installed. ioreg exposes GPU utilization and
+// used memory but not power, temperature, or fan speed.
+func tryIoreg(ctx context.Context, every time.Duration, logger *logmon.Monitor) (chan []GpuStat, error) {
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("ioreg"); err != nil {
+		return nil, ErrNoGpuTool
+	}
+
+	// Verify ioreg actually reports a GPU device before committing to it, so we
+	// can fall through to ErrNoGpuTool otherwise.
+	if stat := sampleIoreg(ctx); stat == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ioreg reported no GPU device")
+	}
+
+	if every < time.Second {
+		every = time.Second
+	}
+
+	ch := make(chan []GpuStat, 1)
+
+	go func() {
+		defer close(ch)
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(every)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				stat := sampleIoreg(ctx)
+				if stat == nil {
+					continue
+				}
+				select {
+				case ch <- []GpuStat{*stat}:
+				default:
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return ch, nil
+}
+
+// sampleIoreg runs ioreg once and parses a single GpuStat, or returns nil.
+func sampleIoreg(ctx context.Context) *GpuStat {
+	out, err := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ioreg", "-r", "-c", "IOGPU", "-d", "1", "-f").Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var memTotalMB int
+	if vmStat, err := mem.VirtualMemory(); err == nil {
+		memTotalMB = int(vmStat.Total / (1024 * 1024))
+	}
+
+	return ParseIoregOutput(out, memTotalMB)
+}
+
+// overlayIoregMem replaces a GpuStat's memory fields with the GPU-attributed
+// unified memory reported by ioreg. mactop only exposes whole-system memory, so
+// without this the mactop and ioreg backends would report different memory
+// semantics. It is a no-op when ioreg is unavailable or reports no GPU memory,
+// leaving the mactop-supplied values in place.
+func overlayIoregMem(ctx context.Context, stat *GpuStat) {
+	ioStat := sampleIoreg(ctx)
+	if ioStat == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	stat.MemUsedMB = ioStat.MemUsedMB
+	stat.MemTotalMB = ioStat.MemTotalMB
+	stat.MemUtilPct = ioStat.MemUtilPct
+}
+
+// tryMactop streams Apple Silicon GPU stats from mactop's headless mode.
+// See https://github.com/metaspartan/mactop. mactop emits one JSON object per
+// sample to stdout, which we parse into GpuStat.
+func tryMactop(ctx context.Context, every time.Duration, logger *logmon.Monitor) (chan []GpuStat, error) {
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("mactop"); err != nil {
+		return nil, ErrNoGpuTool
+	}
+
+	// mactop samples power over the interval, so give it at least a second.
+	intervalMs := int(every.Milliseconds())
+	if intervalMs < 1000 {
+		intervalMs = 1000
+	}
+
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "mactop",
+		"--headless",
+		"--format", "json",
+		"--interval", fmt.Sprintf("%d", intervalMs),
+	)
+
+	stdout, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("mactop stdout pipe failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("mactop start failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	ch := make(chan []GpuStat, 1)
+
+	go func() {
+		defer close(ch)
+
+		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(stdout)
+		// mactop's JSON objects can be large; allow generous line lengths.
+		scanner.Buffer(make([]byte, 0, 64*1024), 1024*1024)
+		for scanner.Scan() {
+			line := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
+			if line == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			stat := ParseMactopLine(line)
+			if stat != nil {
+				// mactop only reports whole-system memory; overlay ioreg's
+				// GPU-attributed unified memory so both backends are consistent.
+				overlayIoregMem(ctx, stat)
+				select {
+				case ch <- []GpuStat{*stat}:
+				default:
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		cmd.Wait()
+	}()
+
+	return ch, nil
+}
+
+func readSysStats() (SysStat, error) {
+	cpuPcts, err := cpu.Percent(0, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return SysStat{}, err
+	}
+
+	vmStat, err := mem.VirtualMemory()
+	if err != nil {
+		return SysStat{}, err
+	}
+
+	const toMB = 1024 * 1024
+
+	var swapTotalMB, swapUsedMB int
+	if swapStat, err := mem.SwapMemory(); err == nil {
+		swapTotalMB = int(swapStat.Total / toMB)
+		swapUsedMB = int(swapStat.Used / toMB)
+	}
+
+	var loadAvg1, loadAvg5, loadAvg15 float64
+	if loadStat, err := load.Avg(); err == nil {
+		loadAvg1 = loadStat.Load1
+		loadAvg5 = loadStat.Load5
+		loadAvg15 = loadStat.Load15
+	}
+
+	return SysStat{
+		Timestamp:      time.Now(),
+		CpuUtilPerCore: cpuPcts,
+		MemTotalMB:     int(vmStat.Total / toMB),
+		MemUsedMB:      int(vmStat.Used / toMB),
+		MemFreeMB:      int(vmStat.Free / toMB),
+		SwapTotalMB:    swapTotalMB,
+		SwapUsedMB:     swapUsedMB,
+		LoadAvg1:       loadAvg1,
+		LoadAvg5:       loadAvg5,
+		LoadAvg15:      loadAvg15,
+	}, nil
+}

internal/perf/monitor_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+package perf
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/config"
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/logmon"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func newTestLogger() *logmon.Monitor {
+	return logmon.NewWriter(io.Discard)
+}
+
+func TestNew_DefaultConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	logger := newTestLogger()
+
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{}, logger)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, m)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 100*time.Millisecond, m.conf.Every)
+}
+
+func TestNew_CustomConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	logger := newTestLogger()
+
+	cfg := config.PerformanceConfig{
+		Every: 500 * time.Millisecond,
+	}
+
+	m, err := New(cfg, logger)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 500*time.Millisecond, m.conf.Every)
+}
+
+func TestNew_NilLogger(t *testing.T) {
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{}, nil)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, m)
+}
+
+func TestNew_BelowMinimumConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	logger := newTestLogger()
+
+	cfg := config.PerformanceConfig{
+		Every: 1 * time.Millisecond,
+	}
+
+	m, err := New(cfg, logger)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 100*time.Millisecond, m.conf.Every)
+}
+
+func TestSubscribe_ReturnsChannels(t *testing.T) {
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{}, newTestLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	sysCh, gpuCh, unsub := m.Subscribe()
+	defer unsub()
+
+	assert.NotNil(t, sysCh)
+	assert.NotNil(t, gpuCh)
+	assert.NotNil(t, unsub)
+}
+
+func TestSubscribe_UnsubscribeRemovesListeners(t *testing.T) {
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{}, newTestLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, _, unsub := m.Subscribe()
+
+	m.mutex.RLock()
+	assert.Len(t, m.sysListeners, 1)
+	assert.Len(t, m.gpuListeners, 1)
+	m.mutex.RUnlock()
+
+	unsub()
+
+	m.mutex.RLock()
+	assert.Len(t, m.sysListeners, 0)
+	assert.Len(t, m.gpuListeners, 0)
+	m.mutex.RUnlock()
+}
+
+func TestSubscribe_MultipleSubscriptions(t *testing.T) {
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{}, newTestLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	sysCh1, gpuCh1, unsub1 := m.Subscribe()
+	sysCh2, gpuCh2, unsub2 := m.Subscribe()
+	defer unsub1()
+	defer unsub2()
+
+	assert.NotEqual(t, sysCh1, sysCh2)
+	assert.NotEqual(t, gpuCh1, gpuCh2)
+
+	m.mutex.RLock()
+	assert.Len(t, m.sysListeners, 2)
+	assert.Len(t, m.gpuListeners, 2)
+	m.mutex.RUnlock()
+}
+
+func TestCurrent_EmptyByDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{}, newTestLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	sysStats, gpuStats := m.Current()
+	assert.Empty(t, sysStats)
+	assert.Empty(t, gpuStats)
+}
+
+func TestCurrent_ReturnsCopies(t *testing.T) {
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{}, newTestLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	m.sysRing.Push(SysStat{Timestamp: now, MemTotalMB: 1024})
+	m.gpuRing.Push([]GpuStat{{Timestamp: now, ID: 0, Name: "gpu0"}})
+
+	sysStats, gpuStats := m.Current()
+
+	assert.Len(t, sysStats, 1)
+	assert.Len(t, gpuStats, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1024, sysStats[0].MemTotalMB)
+	assert.Equal(t, "gpu0", gpuStats[0].Name)
+
+	// modifying the returned slice should not affect the original
+	sysStats[0].MemTotalMB = 999
+	original, _ := m.Current()
+	assert.Equal(t, 1024, original[0].MemTotalMB)
+}
+
+func TestStart_CollectsSysStats(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("skipping slow test")
+	}
+
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{Every: 100 * time.Millisecond}, newTestLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	m.Start()
+
+	time.Sleep(350 * time.Millisecond)
+	m.Stop()
+
+	sysStats, _ := m.Current()
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, sysStats, "expected sys stats to be collected")
+}
+
+func TestStart_StopStopsGoroutines(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("skipping slow test")
+	}
+
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{Every: 100 * time.Millisecond}, newTestLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	m.Start()
+	if m.stopCancel == nil {
+		t.Error("stopCancel should not be nil after Start()")
+	}
+
+	m.Stop()
+	if m.stopCancel != nil {
+		t.Error("stopCancel should be nil after Stop()")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStart_SubscriberReceivesStats(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("skipping slow test")
+	}
+
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{Every: 100 * time.Millisecond}, newTestLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	sysCh, _, unsub := m.Subscribe()
+	defer unsub()
+
+	m.Start()
+	defer m.Stop()
+
+	select {
+	case s := <-sysCh:
+		assert.False(t, s.Timestamp.IsZero())
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, s.CpuUtilPerCore)
+	case <-time.After(500 * time.Millisecond):
+		t.Fatal("timed out waiting for sys stats")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReadSysStats(t *testing.T) {
+	s, err := ReadSysStats()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.False(t, s.Timestamp.IsZero())
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, s.CpuUtilPerCore)
+	assert.Greater(t, s.MemTotalMB, 0)
+}
+
+func TestCurrent_ConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{}, newTestLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	m.sysRing.Push(SysStat{Timestamp: time.Now(), MemTotalMB: 1024})
+	m.gpuRing.Push([]GpuStat{{Timestamp: time.Now(), ID: 0}})
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			sys, gpu := m.Current()
+			assert.Len(t, sys, 1)
+			assert.Len(t, gpu, 1)
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func TestParseNvidiaSmiLine_ValidLine(t *testing.T) {
+	line := "0, NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3080, GPU-12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc, 65, 80, 8192, 10240, 75, 250"
+
+	stat := ParseNvidiaSmiLine(line)
+	require.NotNil(t, stat)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, stat.ID)
+	assert.Equal(t, "NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3080", stat.Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, "GPU-12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc", stat.UUID)
+	assert.Equal(t, 65, stat.TempC)
+	assert.Equal(t, 80.0, stat.GpuUtilPct)
+	assert.Equal(t, 8192, stat.MemUsedMB)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10240, stat.MemTotalMB)
+	assert.Equal(t, 75.0, stat.FanSpeedPct)
+	assert.Equal(t, 250.0, stat.PowerDrawW)
+	assert.InDelta(t, 80.0, stat.MemUtilPct, 0.01)
+}
+
+func TestParseNvidiaSmiLine_ShortLine(t *testing.T) {
+	line := "0, NVIDIA GPU, GPU-123"
+
+	stat := ParseNvidiaSmiLine(line)
+	assert.Nil(t, stat)
+}
+
+func TestParseNvidiaSmiLine_MissingFields(t *testing.T) {
+	line := "0, NVIDIA GPU, GPU-123, 65, 80, 8192, 10240, 75"
+
+	stat := ParseNvidiaSmiLine(line)
+	assert.Nil(t, stat)
+}
+
+func TestParseNvidiaSmiLine_ZeroMemoryTotal(t *testing.T) {
+	line := "0, NVIDIA GPU, GPU-123, 65, 80, 0, 0, 75, 250"
+
+	stat := ParseNvidiaSmiLine(line)
+	require.NotNil(t, stat)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0.0, stat.MemUtilPct)
+}
+
+const ioregSample = `+-o AGXAcceleratorG13X  <class AGXAcceleratorG13X, id 0x1000009a1, registered, matched, active, busy 0 (39191 ms), retain 108>
+    {
+      "model" = "Apple M1 Pro"
+      "gpu-core-count" = 16
+      "PerformanceStatistics" = {"In use system memory (driver)"=0,"Alloc system memory"=14511046656,"Tiler Utilization %"=34,"recoveryCount"=0,"Renderer Utilization %"=34,"Device Utilization %"=34,"In use system memory"=7688503296}
+      "IOClass" = "AGXAcceleratorG13X"
+    }`
+
+func TestParseIoregOutput_ValidOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	const memTotalMB = 32768
+
+	stat := ParseIoregOutput([]byte(ioregSample), memTotalMB)
+	require.NotNil(t, stat)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, stat.ID)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Apple M1 Pro (16-core GPU)", stat.Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, 34.0, stat.GpuUtilPct)
+	assert.Equal(t, 7688503296/(1024*1024), stat.MemUsedMB)
+	assert.Equal(t, memTotalMB, stat.MemTotalMB)
+	assert.InDelta(t, float64(stat.MemUsedMB)/memTotalMB*100, stat.MemUtilPct, 0.01)
+	// Not exposed by ioreg.
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, stat.TempC)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0.0, stat.PowerDrawW)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0.0, stat.FanSpeedPct)
+}
+
+func TestParseIoregOutput_NoGpuDevice(t *testing.T) {
+	stat := ParseIoregOutput([]byte("no gpu here"), 32768)
+	assert.Nil(t, stat)
+}
+
+func TestParseIoregOutput_ZeroMemTotal(t *testing.T) {
+	stat := ParseIoregOutput([]byte(ioregSample), 0)
+	require.NotNil(t, stat)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0.0, stat.MemUtilPct)
+}
+
+func TestParseIoregOutput_MissingModel(t *testing.T) {
+	const out = `"Device Utilization %"=50,"In use system memory"=1048576`
+
+	stat := ParseIoregOutput([]byte(out), 1024)
+	require.NotNil(t, stat)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Apple GPU", stat.Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, 50.0, stat.GpuUtilPct)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, stat.MemUsedMB)
+}

internal/perf/monitor_unix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,584 @@
+//go:build unix && !darwin
+
+package perf
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"os/user"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/logmon"
+	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/cpu"
+	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/load"
+	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/mem"
+	psnet "github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/net"
+)
+
+func getGpuStats(ctx context.Context, every time.Duration, logger *logmon.Monitor) (chan []GpuStat, error) {
+	if ch, err := tryLACT(ctx, every, logger); err == nil {
+		logger.Info("using LACT for GPU monitoring")
+		return ch, nil
+	} else {
+		logger.Debugf("LACT: %s", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	if ch, err := tryNvidiaSmi(ctx, every, logger); err == nil {
+		logger.Info("using nvidia-smi for GPU monitoring")
+		return ch, nil
+	} else {
+		logger.Debugf("nvidia-smi: %s", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	if ch, err := tryRocmSmi(ctx, every, logger); err == nil {
+		logger.Info("using rocm-smi for GPU monitoring")
+		return ch, nil
+	} else {
+		logger.Debugf("rocm-smi: %s", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	if ch, err := trySysfs(ctx, every, logger); err == nil {
+		logger.Info("using sysfs for GPU monitoring")
+		return ch, nil
+	} else {
+		logger.Debugf("sysfs: %s", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	return nil, ErrNoGpuTool
+}
+
+func tryLACT(ctx context.Context, every time.Duration, logger *logmon.Monitor) (chan []GpuStat, error) {
+	socketPath := lactSocketPath()
+	if socketPath == "" {
+		return nil, ErrNoGpuTool
+	}
+
+	conn, err := net.DialTimeout("unix", socketPath, 2*time.Second)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot connect to LACT socket: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer conn.Close()
+
+	conn.SetDeadline(time.Now().Add(5 * time.Second))
+
+	devices, err := lactListDevices(conn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("LACT ListDevices failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(devices) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("LACT returned no devices")
+	}
+
+	ch := make(chan []GpuStat, 1)
+
+	go func() {
+		defer close(ch)
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(every)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				socketPath := lactSocketPath()
+				if socketPath == "" {
+					continue
+				}
+
+				conn, err := net.DialTimeout("unix", socketPath, 2*time.Second)
+				if err != nil {
+					continue
+				}
+				conn.SetDeadline(time.Now().Add(5 * time.Second))
+
+				devices, err := lactListDevices(conn)
+				if err != nil {
+					conn.Close()
+					continue
+				}
+
+				stats := make([]GpuStat, 0, len(devices))
+				for i, d := range devices {
+					stat, err := lactGetDeviceStats(conn, d.ID, d.Name, i)
+					if err != nil {
+						continue
+					}
+					if stat.MemTotalMB == 0 {
+						continue
+					}
+					stats = append(stats, stat)
+				}
+				conn.Close()
+
+				if len(stats) > 0 {
+					select {
+					case ch <- stats:
+					default:
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return ch, nil
+}
+
+func tryNvidiaSmi(ctx context.Context, every time.Duration, logger *logmon.Monitor) (chan []GpuStat, error) {
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("nvidia-smi"); err != nil {
+		return nil, ErrNoGpuTool
+	}
+
+	sec := int(every.Seconds())
+	if sec < 1 {
+		sec = 1
+	}
+
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "nvidia-smi",
+		"--query-gpu=index,name,uuid,temperature.gpu,utilization.gpu,memory.used,memory.total,fan.speed,power.draw",
+		"--format=csv,noheader,nounits",
+		"--loop", fmt.Sprintf("%d", sec),
+	)
+
+	stdout, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nvidia-smi stdout pipe failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nvidia-smi start failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	ch := make(chan []GpuStat, 1)
+
+	go func() {
+		defer close(ch)
+
+		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(stdout)
+		for scanner.Scan() {
+			line := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
+			if line == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			stat := ParseNvidiaSmiLine(line)
+			if stat != nil {
+				select {
+				case ch <- []GpuStat{*stat}:
+				default:
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		cmd.Wait()
+	}()
+
+	return ch, nil
+}
+
+func tryRocmSmi(ctx context.Context, every time.Duration, logger *logmon.Monitor) (chan []GpuStat, error) {
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("rocm-smi"); err != nil {
+		return nil, ErrNoGpuTool
+	}
+	if every < time.Second {
+		every = time.Second
+	}
+	const pollTimeout = 5 * time.Second
+
+	ch := make(chan []GpuStat, 1)
+
+	go func() {
+		defer close(ch)
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(every)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				pollCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, pollTimeout)
+				cmd := exec.CommandContext(pollCtx, "rocm-smi", "-i", "-P", "-t", "-f", "-u", "--showmemuse", "--showmeminfo", "vram", "--showproductname", "--csv")
+				out, err := cmd.Output()
+				timedOut := pollCtx.Err() == context.DeadlineExceeded
+				cancel()
+				if err != nil {
+					if timedOut {
+						logger.Debug("rocm-smi timed out")
+					}
+					continue
+				}
+
+				stats := make([]GpuStat, 0)
+				scanner := bufio.NewScanner(strings.NewReader(string(out)))
+				var header string
+				for scanner.Scan() {
+					line := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
+					if line == "" {
+						continue
+					}
+					if strings.HasPrefix(line, "device,") {
+						header = line
+						continue
+					}
+
+					stat := parseRocmSmiLine(header, line)
+					if stat != nil {
+						stats = append(stats, *stat)
+					}
+				}
+
+				if len(stats) > 0 {
+					select {
+					case ch <- stats:
+					default:
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return ch, nil
+}
+
+func parseRocmSmiLine(header string, line string) *GpuStat {
+	if header == "" || line == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	labels := strings.Split(header, ",")
+	fields := strings.Split(line, ",")
+	if len(labels) != len(fields) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	result := &GpuStat{
+		Timestamp: time.Now(),
+		ID:        -1,
+	}
+
+	var device string
+	var deviceName string
+	var cardSeries string
+	var gfxVersion string
+
+	const toMB = 1024 * 1024
+
+	for i, col := range labels {
+		val := strings.TrimSpace(fields[i])
+		switch col {
+		case "device":
+			device = val
+			id, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimPrefix(val, "card"))
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil
+			}
+			result.ID = id
+		case "Device Name":
+			deviceName = val
+		case "GUID":
+			result.UUID = val
+		case "Temperature (Sensor edge) (C)":
+			tempC, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(val, 64)
+			result.TempC = int(tempC)
+		case "Temperature (Sensor memory) (C)":
+			vramTempC, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(val, 64)
+			result.VramTempC = int(vramTempC)
+		case "Fan speed (%)":
+			fanSpeed, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(val, 64)
+			result.FanSpeedPct = fanSpeed
+		case "Current Socket Graphics Package Power (W)":
+			fallthrough
+		case "Average Graphics Package Power (W)":
+			powerDraw, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(val, 64)
+			result.PowerDrawW = powerDraw
+		case "GPU use (%)":
+			gpuUtil, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(val, 64)
+			result.GpuUtilPct = gpuUtil
+		case "GPU Memory Allocated (VRAM%)":
+			memUtil, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(val, 64)
+			result.MemUtilPct = memUtil
+		case "VRAM Total Memory (B)":
+			memTotal, _ := strconv.ParseUint(val, 10, 64)
+			result.MemTotalMB = int(memTotal / toMB)
+		case "VRAM Total Used Memory (B)":
+			memUsed, _ := strconv.ParseUint(val, 10, 64)
+			result.MemUsedMB = int(memUsed / toMB)
+		case "Card Series":
+			cardSeries = val
+		case "GFX Version":
+			gfxVersion = val
+		}
+	}
+
+	if result.ID == -1 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	name := device
+	if cardSeries != "" && cardSeries != "N/A" {
+		name = cardSeries + " " + device + " (" + gfxVersion + ")"
+	} else if deviceName != "" && deviceName != "N/A" {
+		name = deviceName + " " + device + " (" + gfxVersion + ")"
+	}
+	result.Name = name
+
+	return result
+}
+
+func trySysfs(ctx context.Context, every time.Duration, logger *logmon.Monitor) (chan []GpuStat, error) {
+	return nil, ErrNotImplemented
+}
+
+func lactSocketPath() string {
+	if p := os.Getenv("LACT_DAEMON_SOCKET_PATH"); p != "" {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(p); err == nil {
+			return p
+		}
+	}
+
+	rootPath := "/run/lactd.sock"
+	if _, err := os.Stat(rootPath); err == nil {
+		return rootPath
+	}
+
+	u, err := user.Current()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	userPath := filepath.Join("/run/user", u.Uid, "lactd.sock")
+	if _, err := os.Stat(userPath); err == nil {
+		return userPath
+	}
+
+	return ""
+}
+
+type lactRequest struct {
+	Command string      `json:"command"`
+	Args    interface{} `json:"args,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type lactResponse struct {
+	Status string          `json:"status"`
+	Data   json.RawMessage `json:"data"`
+}
+
+type lactDeviceEntry struct {
+	ID   string `json:"id"`
+	Name string `json:"name"`
+}
+
+type lactDeviceStats struct {
+	Fan struct {
+		PwmCurrent *uint8 `json:"pwm_current"`
+	} `json:"fan"`
+	Vram struct {
+		Total *uint64 `json:"total"`
+		Used  *uint64 `json:"used"`
+	} `json:"vram"`
+	Power struct {
+		Average *float64 `json:"average"`
+		Current *float64 `json:"current"`
+	} `json:"power"`
+	Temps       map[string]lactTempEntry `json:"temps"`
+	BusyPercent *uint8                   `json:"busy_percent"`
+}
+
+type lactTempEntry struct {
+	Current *float64 `json:"current"`
+}
+
+func lactSendRequest(conn net.Conn, req lactRequest) (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	data, err := json.Marshal(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	data = append(data, '\n')
+
+	if _, err := conn.Write(data); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	reader := bufio.NewReader(conn)
+	line, err := reader.ReadBytes('\n')
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var resp lactResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(line, &resp); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if resp.Status != "ok" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("LACT error: %s", string(resp.Data))
+	}
+
+	return resp.Data, nil
+}
+
+func lactListDevices(conn net.Conn) ([]lactDeviceEntry, error) {
+	data, err := lactSendRequest(conn, lactRequest{Command: "list_devices"})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var devices []lactDeviceEntry
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &devices); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return devices, nil
+}
+
+func lactGetDeviceStats(conn net.Conn, id string, name string, index int) (GpuStat, error) {
+	data, err := lactSendRequest(conn, lactRequest{
+		Command: "device_stats",
+		Args: struct {
+			ID string `json:"id"`
+		}{ID: id},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return GpuStat{}, err
+	}
+
+	var stats lactDeviceStats
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &stats); err != nil {
+		return GpuStat{}, err
+	}
+
+	var memUsedMB, memTotalMB int
+	if stats.Vram.Used != nil {
+		memUsedMB = int(*stats.Vram.Used / 1024 / 1024)
+	}
+	if stats.Vram.Total != nil {
+		memTotalMB = int(*stats.Vram.Total / 1024 / 1024)
+	}
+
+	var memUtil float64
+	if memTotalMB > 0 {
+		memUtil = float64(memUsedMB) / float64(memTotalMB) * 100
+	}
+
+	var gpuUtil float64
+	if stats.BusyPercent != nil {
+		gpuUtil = float64(*stats.BusyPercent)
+	}
+
+	var fanSpeed float64
+	if stats.Fan.PwmCurrent != nil {
+		fanSpeed = float64(*stats.Fan.PwmCurrent) / 255.0 * 100.0
+	}
+
+	var powerDraw float64
+	if stats.Power.Average != nil && *stats.Power.Average > 0 {
+		powerDraw = *stats.Power.Average
+	} else if stats.Power.Current != nil {
+		powerDraw = *stats.Power.Current
+	}
+
+	var tempC int
+	if t, ok := stats.Temps["edge"]; ok && t.Current != nil {
+		tempC = int(*t.Current)
+	} else if t, ok := stats.Temps["junction"]; ok && t.Current != nil {
+		tempC = int(*t.Current)
+	} else {
+		for _, t := range stats.Temps {
+			if t.Current != nil {
+				tempC = int(*t.Current)
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	var vramTempC int
+	// nvidia uses "VRAM", amd "mem"
+	for _, key := range []string{"mem", "VRAM"} {
+		if t, ok := stats.Temps[key]; ok && t.Current != nil && *t.Current > 0 {
+			vramTempC = int(*t.Current)
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	return GpuStat{
+		Timestamp:   time.Now(),
+		ID:          index,
+		Name:        name,
+		UUID:        id,
+		TempC:       tempC,
+		VramTempC:   vramTempC,
+		GpuUtilPct:  gpuUtil,
+		MemUtilPct:  memUtil,
+		MemUsedMB:   memUsedMB,
+		MemTotalMB:  memTotalMB,
+		FanSpeedPct: fanSpeed,
+		PowerDrawW:  powerDraw,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func readSysfs() ([]GpuStat, error) {
+	return nil, ErrNotImplemented
+}
+
+func readSysStats() (SysStat, error) {
+	cpuPcts, err := cpu.Percent(0, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return SysStat{}, err
+	}
+
+	vmStat, err := mem.VirtualMemory()
+	if err != nil {
+		return SysStat{}, err
+	}
+
+	const toMB = 1024 * 1024
+
+	var swapTotalMB, swapUsedMB int
+	if swapStat, err := mem.SwapMemory(); err == nil {
+		swapTotalMB = int(swapStat.Total / toMB)
+		swapUsedMB = int(swapStat.Used / toMB)
+	}
+
+	var loadAvg1, loadAvg5, loadAvg15 float64
+	if loadStat, err := load.Avg(); err == nil {
+		loadAvg1 = loadStat.Load1
+		loadAvg5 = loadStat.Load5
+		loadAvg15 = loadStat.Load15
+	}
+
+	netIO := make([]NetIOStat, 0)
+	if ioCounters, err := psnet.IOCounters(true); err == nil {
+		for _, ioc := range ioCounters {
+			if ioc.Name == "lo" {
+				continue
+			}
+			netIO = append(netIO, NetIOStat{
+				Name:      ioc.Name,
+				BytesRecv: ioc.BytesRecv,
+				BytesSent: ioc.BytesSent,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	return SysStat{
+		Timestamp:      time.Now(),
+		CpuUtilPerCore: cpuPcts,
+		MemTotalMB:     int(vmStat.Total / toMB),
+		MemUsedMB:      int(vmStat.Used / toMB),
+		MemFreeMB:      int(vmStat.Free / toMB),
+		SwapTotalMB:    swapTotalMB,
+		SwapUsedMB:     swapUsedMB,
+		LoadAvg1:       loadAvg1,
+		LoadAvg5:       loadAvg5,
+		LoadAvg15:      loadAvg15,
+		NetIO:          netIO,
+	}, nil
+}

internal/perf/monitor_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+package perf
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/logmon"
+	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/cpu"
+	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/mem"
+	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4/net"
+)
+
+func getGpuStats(ctx context.Context, every time.Duration, logger *logmon.Monitor) (chan []GpuStat, error) {
+	if ch, err := tryNvidiaSmiWindows(ctx, every, logger); err == nil {
+		logger.Info("using nvidia-smi for GPU monitoring")
+		return ch, nil
+	} else {
+		logger.Debugf("nvidia-smi: %s", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	if ch, err := tryD3DKMT(ctx, every, logger); err == nil {
+		logger.Info("using D3DKMT for GPU monitoring")
+		return ch, nil
+	} else {
+		logger.Debugf("D3DKMT: %s", err.Error())
+	}
+
+	return nil, ErrNoGpuTool
+}
+
+// tryNvidiaSmiWindows starts nvidia-smi in loop mode on Windows and returns
+// a channel receiving GPU stat snapshots. Returns ErrNoGpuTool if nvidia-smi
+// is not available.
+func tryNvidiaSmiWindows(ctx context.Context, every time.Duration, logger *logmon.Monitor) (chan []GpuStat, error) {
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("nvidia-smi"); err != nil {
+		return nil, ErrNoGpuTool
+	}
+
+	sec := int(every.Seconds())
+	if sec < 1 {
+		sec = 1
+	}
+
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "nvidia-smi",
+		"--query-gpu=index,name,uuid,temperature.gpu,utilization.gpu,memory.used,memory.total,fan.speed,power.draw",
+		"--format=csv,noheader,nounits",
+		"--loop", fmt.Sprintf("%d", sec),
+	)
+
+	stdout, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nvidia-smi stdout pipe failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nvidia-smi start failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	ch := make(chan []GpuStat, 1)
+
+	go func() {
+		defer close(ch)
+
+		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(stdout)
+		for scanner.Scan() {
+			line := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
+			if line == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			stat := ParseNvidiaSmiLine(line)
+			if stat != nil {
+				select {
+				case ch <- []GpuStat{*stat}:
+				default:
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		cmd.Wait()
+	}()
+
+	return ch, nil
+}
+
+func readSysStats() (SysStat, error) {
+	cpuPcts, err := cpu.Percent(0, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return SysStat{}, err
+	}
+
+	vmStat, err := mem.VirtualMemory()
+	if err != nil {
+		return SysStat{}, err
+	}
+
+	const toMB = 1024 * 1024
+
+	netIO := make([]NetIOStat, 0)
+	if ioCounters, err := net.IOCounters(true); err == nil {
+		for _, ioc := range ioCounters {
+			netIO = append(netIO, NetIOStat{
+				Name:      ioc.Name,
+				BytesRecv: ioc.BytesRecv,
+				BytesSent: ioc.BytesSent,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	return SysStat{
+		Timestamp:      time.Now(),
+		CpuUtilPerCore: cpuPcts,
+		MemTotalMB:     int(vmStat.Total / toMB),
+		MemUsedMB:      int(vmStat.Used / toMB),
+		MemFreeMB:      int(vmStat.Free / toMB),
+		NetIO:          netIO,
+	}, nil
+}

internal/perf/pdh_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package perf
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+var (
+	pdhDLL                          = windows.NewLazySystemDLL("pdh.dll")
+	procPdhOpenQuery                = pdhDLL.NewProc("PdhOpenQueryW")
+	procPdhAddEnglishCounter        = pdhDLL.NewProc("PdhAddEnglishCounterW")
+	procPdhCollectQueryData         = pdhDLL.NewProc("PdhCollectQueryData")
+	procPdhGetFormattedCounterArray = pdhDLL.NewProc("PdhGetFormattedCounterArrayW")
+	procPdhCloseQuery               = pdhDLL.NewProc("PdhCloseQuery")
+)
+
+const (
+	pdhFmtDouble = 0x00000200
+	pdhMoreData  = 0x800007D2
+	pdhNoData    = 0x800007D5
+)
+
+type pdhCounterValue struct {
+	CStatus uint32
+	DblVal  float64
+}
+
+type pdhCounterValueItem struct {
+	SzName   *uint16
+	FmtValue pdhCounterValue
+}
+
+func init() {
+	var item pdhCounterValueItem
+	if unsafe.Sizeof(item) != 24 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("pdhCounterValueItem size %d != expected 24 on x64", unsafe.Sizeof(item)))
+	}
+}
+
+type pdhGpuUtil struct {
+	query   uintptr
+	counter uintptr
+}
+
+// initPdhGpuUtil creates a PDH query for the GPU Engine utilization counter.
+// Returns nil with an error if PDH or the counter is unavailable.
+func initPdhGpuUtil() (*pdhGpuUtil, error) {
+	var query uintptr
+	if ret, _, _ := procPdhOpenQuery.Call(0, 0, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&query))); ret != 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("PdhOpenQuery: 0x%x", ret)
+	}
+
+	path, _ := windows.UTF16PtrFromString(`\GPU Engine(*)\Utilization Percentage`)
+	var counter uintptr
+	if ret, _, _ := procPdhAddEnglishCounter.Call(
+		query, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(path)), 0, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&counter)),
+	); ret != 0 {
+		procPdhCloseQuery.Call(query)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("PdhAddEnglishCounter(GPU Engine): 0x%x", ret)
+	}
+
+	procPdhCollectQueryData.Call(query)
+
+	return &pdhGpuUtil{query: query, counter: counter}, nil
+}
+
+// close releases the PDH query handle.
+func (p *pdhGpuUtil) close() {
+	if p.query != 0 {
+		procPdhCloseQuery.Call(p.query)
+		p.query = 0
+	}
+}
+
+// collect reads the PDH counter and returns a map of adapter LUID to
+// aggregated GPU utilization percentage, summed across all engine instances
+// per adapter and clamped to 100%.
+func (p *pdhGpuUtil) collect() map[LUID]float64 {
+	ret, _, _ := procPdhCollectQueryData.Call(p.query)
+	if ret != 0 && ret != pdhNoData {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var bufSize uint32
+	var itemCount uint32
+	ret, _, _ = procPdhGetFormattedCounterArray.Call(
+		p.counter, pdhFmtDouble,
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&bufSize)),
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&itemCount)),
+		0,
+	)
+	if ret != pdhMoreData || itemCount == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	buf := make([]byte, bufSize)
+	ret, _, _ = procPdhGetFormattedCounterArray.Call(
+		p.counter, pdhFmtDouble,
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&bufSize)),
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&itemCount)),
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0])),
+	)
+	if ret != 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	itemSize := uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(pdhCounterValueItem{}))
+	result := make(map[LUID]float64)
+
+	for i := uint32(0); i < itemCount; i++ {
+		item := (*pdhCounterValueItem)(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[i*itemSize]))
+		if item.FmtValue.CStatus != 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		luid, ok := parsePdhLuid(windows.UTF16PtrToString(item.SzName))
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		result[luid] += item.FmtValue.DblVal
+	}
+
+	for luid := range result {
+		if result[luid] > 100.0 {
+			result[luid] = 100.0
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// parsePdhLuid extracts the adapter LUID (high and low parts) from a PDH
+// GPU Engine instance name (e.g. "pid_1234_luid_0x00000000_0x000148BF_phys_0_eng_2_engtype_Compute").
+func parsePdhLuid(name string) (LUID, bool) {
+	idx := strings.Index(name, "luid_0x")
+	if idx < 0 {
+		return LUID{}, false
+	}
+	rest := name[idx+7:]
+	parts := strings.SplitN(rest, "_", 4)
+	if len(parts) < 3 {
+		return LUID{}, false
+	}
+	hp, err := strconv.ParseUint(parts[0], 16, 32)
+	if err != nil {
+		return LUID{}, false
+	}
+	lpStr := strings.TrimPrefix(parts[1], "0x")
+	lp, err := strconv.ParseUint(lpStr, 16, 32)
+	if err != nil {
+		return LUID{}, false
+	}
+	return LUID{LowPart: uint32(lp), HighPart: int32(hp)}, true
+}

internal/perf/pdh_windows_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package perf
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestParsePdhLuid_Valid(t *testing.T) {
+	name := `pid_25312_luid_0x00000000_0x000148BF_phys_0_eng_2_engtype_Compute`
+	got, ok := parsePdhLuid(name)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint32(0x000148BF), got.LowPart)
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(0x00000000), got.HighPart)
+}
+
+func TestParsePdhLuid_ValidNvidia(t *testing.T) {
+	name := `pid_1388_luid_0x00000000_0x00011372_phys_0_eng_8_engtype_Compute_1`
+	got, ok := parsePdhLuid(name)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint32(0x00011372), got.LowPart)
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(0x00000000), got.HighPart)
+}
+
+func TestParsePdhLuid_NonZeroHighPart(t *testing.T) {
+	name := `pid_1234_luid_0x00000001_0x0000C85A_phys_0_eng_5_engtype_Copy`
+	got, ok := parsePdhLuid(name)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint32(0x0000C85A), got.LowPart)
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(0x00000001), got.HighPart)
+}
+
+func TestParsePdhLuid_InvalidNoLuid(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ok := parsePdhLuid("invalid_string_without_luid")
+	assert.False(t, ok)
+}
+
+func TestParsePdhLuid_InvalidEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ok := parsePdhLuid("")
+	assert.False(t, ok)
+}
+
+func TestParsePdhLuid_InvalidHex(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ok := parsePdhLuid("pid_1234_luid_0xZZZZ_0xGGGG_phys_0")
+	assert.False(t, ok)
+}
+
+func TestParsePdhLuid_ShortAfterLuid(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ok := parsePdhLuid("pid_1234_luid_0x00000000")
+	assert.False(t, ok)
+}

internal/perf/prometheus.go

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+package perf
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const mbToBytes = int64(1024 * 1024)
+
+// MetricsHandler returns an http.HandlerFunc serving Prometheus text format metrics
+// with the most recent system and GPU stats.
+func (m *Monitor) MetricsHandler() http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		sysStats, gpuStats := m.Current()
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain; version=0.0.4; charset=utf-8")
+
+		if len(sysStats) > 0 {
+			writeSysMetrics(w, sysStats[len(sysStats)-1])
+		}
+
+		if len(gpuStats) > 0 {
+			writeGpuMetrics(w, latestPerGPU(gpuStats))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func writeSysMetrics(w http.ResponseWriter, s SysStat) {
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "# HELP llamaswap_cpu_util_percent CPU utilization per core (0-100)\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "# TYPE llamaswap_cpu_util_percent gauge\n")
+	for i, pct := range s.CpuUtilPerCore {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "llamaswap_cpu_util_percent{core=\"%d\"} %g\n", i, pct)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "# HELP llamaswap_memory_total_bytes Total memory in bytes\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "# TYPE llamaswap_memory_total_bytes gauge\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "llamaswap_memory_total_bytes %d\n", int64(s.MemTotalMB)*mbToBytes)
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "# HELP llamaswap_memory_used_bytes Used memory in bytes\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "# TYPE llamaswap_memory_used_bytes gauge\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "llamaswap_memory_used_bytes %d\n", int64(s.MemUsedMB)*mbToBytes)
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "# HELP llamaswap_memory_free_bytes Free memory in bytes\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "# TYPE llamaswap_memory_free_bytes gauge\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "llamaswap_memory_free_bytes %d\n", int64(s.MemFreeMB)*mbToBytes)
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "# HELP llamaswap_swap_total_bytes Total swap in bytes\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "# TYPE llamaswap_swap_total_bytes gauge\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "llamaswap_swap_total_bytes %d\n", int64(s.SwapTotalMB)*mbToBytes)
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "# HELP llamaswap_swap_used_bytes Used swap in bytes\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "# TYPE llamaswap_swap_used_bytes gauge\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "llamaswap_swap_used_bytes %d\n", int64(s.SwapUsedMB)*mbToBytes)
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "# HELP llamaswap_load_average Load average\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "# TYPE llamaswap_load_average gauge\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "llamaswap_load_average{interval=\"1m\"} %g\n", s.LoadAvg1)
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "llamaswap_load_average{interval=\"5m\"} %g\n", s.LoadAvg5)
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "llamaswap_load_average{interval=\"15m\"} %g\n", s.LoadAvg15)
+
+	if len(s.NetIO) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "# HELP llamaswap_network_bytes_total Total network bytes transferred\n")
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "# TYPE llamaswap_network_bytes_total counter\n")
+		for _, io := range s.NetIO {
+			iface := sanitizeLabel(io.Name)
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "llamaswap_network_bytes_total{interface=\"%s\",direction=\"recv\"} %d\n", iface, io.BytesRecv)
+			fmt.Fprintf(w, "llamaswap_network_bytes_total{interface=\"%s\",direction=\"sent\"} %d\n", iface, io.BytesSent)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func writeGpuMetrics(w http.ResponseWriter, gpus []GpuStat) {
+	if len(gpus) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	type gpuMetric struct {
+		help  string
+		name  string
+		value func(GpuStat) float64
+	}
+
+	metrics := []gpuMetric{
+		{"GPU temperature in Celsius", "llamaswap_gpu_temperature_celsius", func(g GpuStat) float64 { return float64(g.TempC) }},
+		{"GPU VRAM temperature in Celsius", "llamaswap_gpu_vram_temperature_celsius", func(g GpuStat) float64 { return float64(g.VramTempC) }},
+		{"GPU utilization percent (0-100)", "llamaswap_gpu_util_percent", func(g GpuStat) float64 { return g.GpuUtilPct }},
+		{"GPU memory utilization percent (0-100)", "llamaswap_gpu_memory_util_percent", func(g GpuStat) float64 { return g.MemUtilPct }},
+		{"GPU memory used in bytes", "llamaswap_gpu_memory_used_bytes", func(g GpuStat) float64 { return float64(g.MemUsedMB) * float64(mbToBytes) }},
+		{"GPU memory total in bytes", "llamaswap_gpu_memory_total_bytes", func(g GpuStat) float64 { return float64(g.MemTotalMB) * float64(mbToBytes) }},
+		{"GPU fan speed percent (0-100)", "llamaswap_gpu_fan_speed_percent", func(g GpuStat) float64 { return g.FanSpeedPct }},
+		{"GPU power draw in watts", "llamaswap_gpu_power_draw_watts", func(g GpuStat) float64 { return g.PowerDrawW }},
+	}
+
+	for _, m := range metrics {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "# HELP %s %s\n", m.name, m.help)
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "# TYPE %s gauge\n", m.name)
+		for _, g := range gpus {
+			if g.UUID != "" {
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s{id=\"%d\",name=\"%s\",uuid=\"%s\"} %g\n",
+					m.name, g.ID, sanitizeLabel(g.Name), sanitizeLabel(g.UUID), m.value(g))
+			} else {
+				fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s{id=\"%d\",name=\"%s\"} %g\n",
+					m.name, g.ID, sanitizeLabel(g.Name), m.value(g))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// latestPerGPU returns the most recent GpuStat for each GPU ID, sorted by ID.
+func latestPerGPU(stats []GpuStat) []GpuStat {
+	latest := make(map[int]GpuStat)
+	for _, g := range stats {
+		if prev, ok := latest[g.ID]; !ok || g.Timestamp.After(prev.Timestamp) {
+			latest[g.ID] = g
+		}
+	}
+	result := make([]GpuStat, 0, len(latest))
+	for _, g := range latest {
+		result = append(result, g)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(result, func(i, j int) bool { return result[i].ID < result[j].ID })
+	return result
+}
+
+// sanitizeLabel escapes characters that are invalid in Prometheus label values.
+func sanitizeLabel(s string) string {
+	return strings.NewReplacer(`"`, `\"`, `\`, `\\`, "\n", `\n`).Replace(s)
+}

internal/perf/prometheus_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+package perf
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/config"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestSanitizeLabel(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input string
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{"normal", "normal"},
+		{"", ""},
+		{`with"quote`, `with\"quote`},
+		{`with\backslash`, `with\\backslash`},
+		{"with\nnewline", `with\nnewline`},
+		{`"both\n"`, `\"both\\n\"`},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		assert.Equal(t, tc.want, sanitizeLabel(tc.input), "input: %q", tc.input)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLatestPerGPU_Empty(t *testing.T) {
+	result := latestPerGPU(nil)
+	assert.Empty(t, result)
+}
+
+func TestLatestPerGPU_Single(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	stats := []GpuStat{{ID: 0, Name: "gpu0", Timestamp: now}}
+	result := latestPerGPU(stats)
+	require.Len(t, result, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "gpu0", result[0].Name)
+}
+
+func TestLatestPerGPU_PicksLatest(t *testing.T) {
+	earlier := time.Now().Add(-time.Second)
+	later := time.Now()
+	stats := []GpuStat{
+		{ID: 0, Name: "old", TempC: 50, Timestamp: earlier},
+		{ID: 0, Name: "new", TempC: 70, Timestamp: later},
+	}
+	result := latestPerGPU(stats)
+	require.Len(t, result, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "new", result[0].Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, 70, result[0].TempC)
+}
+
+func TestLatestPerGPU_MultipleGPUsSortedByID(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	stats := []GpuStat{
+		{ID: 2, Name: "gpu2", Timestamp: now},
+		{ID: 0, Name: "gpu0", Timestamp: now},
+		{ID: 1, Name: "gpu1", Timestamp: now},
+	}
+	result := latestPerGPU(stats)
+	require.Len(t, result, 3)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, result[0].ID)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, result[1].ID)
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, result[2].ID)
+}
+
+func TestWriteSysMetrics(t *testing.T) {
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	s := SysStat{
+		CpuUtilPerCore: []float64{10.5, 20.0},
+		MemTotalMB:     8192,
+		MemUsedMB:      4096,
+		MemFreeMB:      4096,
+		SwapTotalMB:    2048,
+		SwapUsedMB:     512,
+		LoadAvg1:       1.5,
+		LoadAvg5:       1.2,
+		LoadAvg15:      0.9,
+		NetIO: []NetIOStat{
+			{Name: "eth0", BytesRecv: 1000, BytesSent: 2000},
+		},
+	}
+
+	writeSysMetrics(rec, s)
+	body := rec.Body.String()
+
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_cpu_util_percent{core="0"} 10.5`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_cpu_util_percent{core="1"} 20`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, "llamaswap_memory_total_bytes 8589934592")
+	assert.Contains(t, body, "llamaswap_memory_used_bytes 4294967296")
+	assert.Contains(t, body, "llamaswap_memory_free_bytes 4294967296")
+	assert.Contains(t, body, "llamaswap_swap_total_bytes 2147483648")
+	assert.Contains(t, body, "llamaswap_swap_used_bytes 536870912")
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_load_average{interval="1m"} 1.5`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_load_average{interval="5m"} 1.2`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_load_average{interval="15m"} 0.9`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_network_bytes_total{interface="eth0",direction="recv"} 1000`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_network_bytes_total{interface="eth0",direction="sent"} 2000`)
+}
+
+func TestWriteSysMetrics_NoNetIO(t *testing.T) {
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	writeSysMetrics(rec, SysStat{CpuUtilPerCore: []float64{5.0}})
+	body := rec.Body.String()
+	assert.NotContains(t, body, "llamaswap_network_bytes_total")
+}
+
+func TestWriteGpuMetrics_Empty(t *testing.T) {
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	writeGpuMetrics(rec, nil)
+	assert.Empty(t, rec.Body.String())
+}
+
+func TestWriteGpuMetrics(t *testing.T) {
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	gpus := []GpuStat{
+		{
+			ID:          0,
+			Name:        "NVIDIA RTX 4090",
+			UUID:        "GPU-1234",
+			TempC:       75,
+			GpuUtilPct:  85.5,
+			MemUtilPct:  60.0,
+			MemUsedMB:   8192,
+			MemTotalMB:  24576,
+			FanSpeedPct: 55.0,
+			PowerDrawW:  300.5,
+		},
+	}
+
+	writeGpuMetrics(rec, gpus)
+	body := rec.Body.String()
+
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_gpu_temperature_celsius{id="0",name="NVIDIA RTX 4090",uuid="GPU-1234"} 75`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_gpu_vram_temperature_celsius{id="0",name="NVIDIA RTX 4090",uuid="GPU-1234"} 0`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_gpu_util_percent{id="0",name="NVIDIA RTX 4090",uuid="GPU-1234"} 85.5`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_gpu_memory_util_percent{id="0",name="NVIDIA RTX 4090",uuid="GPU-1234"} 60`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_gpu_memory_used_bytes{id="0",name="NVIDIA RTX 4090",uuid="GPU-1234"}`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_gpu_memory_total_bytes{id="0",name="NVIDIA RTX 4090",uuid="GPU-1234"}`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_gpu_fan_speed_percent{id="0",name="NVIDIA RTX 4090",uuid="GPU-1234"} 55`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_gpu_power_draw_watts{id="0",name="NVIDIA RTX 4090",uuid="GPU-1234"} 300.5`)
+}
+
+func TestWriteGpuMetrics_VramTemp(t *testing.T) {
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	gpus := []GpuStat{
+		{ID: 0, Name: "AMD RX 7900", UUID: "GPU-5678", TempC: 70, VramTempC: 85},
+	}
+	writeGpuMetrics(rec, gpus)
+	body := rec.Body.String()
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_gpu_temperature_celsius{id="0",name="AMD RX 7900",uuid="GPU-5678"} 70`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `llamaswap_gpu_vram_temperature_celsius{id="0",name="AMD RX 7900",uuid="GPU-5678"} 85`)
+}
+
+func TestWriteGpuMetrics_EmptyUUID(t *testing.T) {
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	gpus := []GpuStat{{ID: 3, Name: "AMD RX 7900", UUID: ""}}
+	writeGpuMetrics(rec, gpus)
+	body := rec.Body.String()
+	assert.NotContains(t, body, "uuid=")
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `name="AMD RX 7900"`)
+}
+
+func TestWriteGpuMetrics_LabelSanitization(t *testing.T) {
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	gpus := []GpuStat{
+		{ID: 0, Name: `GPU "special"`, UUID: "uuid\nline"},
+	}
+	writeGpuMetrics(rec, gpus)
+	body := rec.Body.String()
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `name="GPU \"special\""`)
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `uuid="uuid\nline"`)
+}
+
+func TestMetricsHandler_ContentType(t *testing.T) {
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{}, newTestLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/metrics", nil)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	m.MetricsHandler()(rec, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "text/plain; version=0.0.4; charset=utf-8", rec.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+}
+
+func TestMetricsHandler_EmptyStats(t *testing.T) {
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{}, newTestLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/metrics", nil)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	m.MetricsHandler()(rec, req)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, rec.Code)
+	assert.Empty(t, strings.TrimSpace(rec.Body.String()))
+}
+
+func TestMetricsHandler_WithSysStats(t *testing.T) {
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{}, newTestLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	m.sysRing.Push(SysStat{Timestamp: time.Now(), CpuUtilPerCore: []float64{25.0}, MemTotalMB: 4096, MemUsedMB: 2048, MemFreeMB: 2048})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/metrics", nil)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	m.MetricsHandler()(rec, req)
+
+	body := rec.Body.String()
+	assert.Contains(t, body, "llamaswap_cpu_util_percent")
+	assert.Contains(t, body, "llamaswap_memory_total_bytes")
+}
+
+func TestMetricsHandler_UsesLatestSysStat(t *testing.T) {
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{}, newTestLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	m.sysRing.Push(SysStat{Timestamp: now.Add(-time.Second), MemTotalMB: 1000})
+	m.sysRing.Push(SysStat{Timestamp: now, MemTotalMB: 8192})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/metrics", nil)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	m.MetricsHandler()(rec, req)
+
+	body := rec.Body.String()
+	// 8192 MB = 8589934592 bytes
+	assert.Contains(t, body, "llamaswap_memory_total_bytes 8589934592")
+}
+
+func TestMetricsHandler_WithGpuStats(t *testing.T) {
+	m, err := New(config.PerformanceConfig{}, newTestLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	m.gpuRing.Push([]GpuStat{{ID: 0, Name: "TestGPU", UUID: "uuid-0", TempC: 65, Timestamp: time.Now()}})
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/metrics", nil)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	m.MetricsHandler()(rec, req)
+
+	body := rec.Body.String()
+	assert.Contains(t, body, "llamaswap_gpu_temperature_celsius")
+	assert.Contains(t, body, `name="TestGPU"`)
+}

internal/perf/types.go

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package perf
+
+import "time"
+
+type GpuStat struct {
+	Timestamp time.Time `json:"timestamp"`
+
+	ID          int     `json:"id"`
+	Name        string  `json:"name"`
+	UUID        string  `json:"uuid"`
+	TempC       int     `json:"temp_c"`
+	VramTempC   int     `json:"vram_temp_c"`
+	GpuUtilPct  float64 `json:"gpu_util_pct"`
+	MemUtilPct  float64 `json:"mem_util_pct"`
+	MemUsedMB   int     `json:"mem_used_mb"`
+	MemTotalMB  int     `json:"mem_total_mb"`
+	FanSpeedPct float64 `json:"fan_speed_pct"`
+	PowerDrawW  float64 `json:"power_draw_w"`
+}
+
+type NetIOStat struct {
+	Name      string `json:"name"`
+	BytesRecv uint64 `json:"bytes_recv"`
+	BytesSent uint64 `json:"bytes_sent"`
+}
+
+type SysStat struct {
+	Timestamp time.Time `json:"timestamp"`
+
+	CpuUtilPerCore []float64   `json:"cpu_util_per_core"`
+	MemTotalMB     int         `json:"mem_total_mb"`
+	MemUsedMB      int         `json:"mem_used_mb"`
+	MemFreeMB      int         `json:"mem_free_mb"`
+	SwapTotalMB    int         `json:"swap_total_mb"`
+	SwapUsedMB     int         `json:"swap_used_mb"`
+	LoadAvg1       float64     `json:"load_avg_1"`
+	LoadAvg5       float64     `json:"load_avg_5"`
+	LoadAvg15      float64     `json:"load_avg_15"`
+	NetIO          []NetIOStat `json:"net_io"`
+}

internal/process/helpers_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package process
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+var simpleResponderPath string
+
+func skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if _, err := os.Stat(simpleResponderPath); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		t.Skipf("simple-responder not found at %s, run `make simple-responder`", simpleResponderPath)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
+	goos := runtime.GOOS
+	goarch := runtime.GOARCH
+	if goos == "windows" {
+		simpleResponderPath = filepath.Join("..", "..", "build", "simple-responder.exe")
+	} else {
+		simpleResponderPath = filepath.Join("..", "..", "build", fmt.Sprintf("simple-responder_%s_%s", goos, goarch))
+	}
+	m.Run()
+}
+
+func getFreePort(t *testing.T) int {
+	t.Helper()
+	l, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("getFreePort: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer l.Close()
+	return l.Addr().(*net.TCPAddr).Port
+}
+
+func simpleResponderCmd(t *testing.T, args ...string) (string, int) {
+	port := getFreePort(t)
+	cmdPath := filepath.ToSlash(simpleResponderPath)
+	base := []string{cmdPath, fmt.Sprintf("-port %d", port)}
+	base = append(base, args...)
+	return strings.Join(base, " "), port
+}

internal/process/process.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package process
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/logmon"
+)
+
+type ProcessState string
+
+const (
+	StateStopped  ProcessState = ProcessState("stopped")
+	StateStarting ProcessState = ProcessState("starting")
+	StateReady    ProcessState = ProcessState("ready")
+	StateStopping ProcessState = ProcessState("stopping")
+
+	// process is shutdown and will not be restarted
+	StateShutdown ProcessState = ProcessState("shutdown")
+)
+
+type Process interface {
+	// Run starts the process blocks until the process is terminated.
+	// The timeout parameter controls how long to wait for the process to get
+	// to a ready state to process traffic
+	Run(timeout time.Duration) error
+
+	// WaitReady blocks until the process is ready to serve requests
+	// or the context is cancelled. It returns nil when the process is ready
+	WaitReady(context.Context) error
+
+	// Stop blocks until the process has terminated. It returns nil when
+	// the process terminated as expected (exit 0)
+	Stop(timeout time.Duration) error
+
+	// State returns the current state of the process
+	// Note: this is a snapshot of the state at the time of the call
+	// and may change at any time after the call returns.
+	State() ProcessState
+
+	// ServeHTTP forwards requests to the underlying process
+	// Calling it when the process is not ready will result in a
+	// 503 response with a body indicating it is a llama-swap-error
+	ServeHTTP(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request)
+
+	// Logger returns the monitor that captures this process's stdout/stderr.
+	Logger() *logmon.Monitor
+}

internal/process/process_command.go

@@ -0,0 +1,684 @@
+package process
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/http/httputil"
+	"net/url"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/config"
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/event"
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/logmon"
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/shared"
+)
+
+var ErrStartAborted = fmt.Errorf("aborted")
+
+// cmdWaitDelay is the upper bound the runtime will wait for child I/O to
+// drain after the process exits before force-closing the stdout/stderr
+// pipes. Required so that cmd.Wait() returns even when a forked grandchild
+// inherits and holds the pipes open (e.g. a shell wrapper that backgrounds
+// the real binary). killProcess sends the stop signal directly (not via the
+// cmd context), so this delay is measured from process exit rather than from
+// the stop request, and stays independent of the caller's graceful timeout.
+const cmdWaitDelay = 10 * time.Second
+
+// parentCancelGraceTimeout is the graceful timeout used when the process is
+// torn down because parentCtx was cancelled (final router teardown or app
+// shutdown). In the normal flow the process has already been stopped via
+// Stop() by this point, so killProcess is a no-op kill; the short grace just
+// bounds the rare case where a process is still alive when its context is cut.
+const parentCancelGraceTimeout = time.Second
+
+type runReq struct {
+	timeout time.Duration
+	respond chan error
+}
+
+type stopReq struct {
+	timeout time.Duration
+	respond chan error
+}
+
+type waitReadyReq struct {
+	respond chan error
+}
+
+type startResult struct {
+	cmd       *exec.Cmd
+	cmdDone   chan struct{}
+	cancel    context.CancelFunc
+	handlerFn http.HandlerFunc
+	err       error
+}
+
+type ProcessCommand struct {
+	id        string
+	config    config.ModelConfig
+	parentCtx context.Context
+
+	processLogger *logmon.Monitor
+	proxyLogger   *logmon.Monitor
+
+	// waitDelay is assigned to cmd.WaitDelay when starting the upstream
+	// process. Defaults to cmdWaitDelay; tests override it to keep the
+	// pipe-close backstop from dominating their runtime.
+	waitDelay time.Duration
+
+	runCh       chan runReq
+	stopCh      chan stopReq
+	waitReadyCh chan waitReadyReq
+
+	// current ProcessState. Written only by run(); read by State() via atomic load.
+	state atomic.Value
+
+	// stores the active reverse-proxy handler when the process is running.
+	// Written only by run(); read by ServeHTTP via atomic load.
+	handler atomic.Pointer[http.HandlerFunc]
+
+	lastUse  atomic.Int64 // unix nano timestamp of last ServeHTTP completion
+	inflight atomic.Int64 // current in-flight ServeHTTP calls
+}
+
+var _ Process = (*ProcessCommand)(nil)
+
+func New(
+	parentCtx context.Context,
+	id string,
+	conf config.ModelConfig,
+	processLogger *logmon.Monitor,
+	proxyLogger *logmon.Monitor,
+) (*ProcessCommand, error) {
+	p := &ProcessCommand{
+		id:            id,
+		config:        conf,
+		parentCtx:     parentCtx,
+		processLogger: processLogger,
+		proxyLogger:   proxyLogger,
+
+		runCh:       make(chan runReq),
+		stopCh:      make(chan stopReq),
+		waitReadyCh: make(chan waitReadyReq),
+		waitDelay:   cmdWaitDelay,
+	}
+	p.state.Store(StateStopped)
+
+	go p.run()
+	return p, nil
+}
+
+func (p *ProcessCommand) Logger() *logmon.Monitor { return p.processLogger }
+
+// run is the single-writer goroutine that owns all mutable lifecycle state
+// (current ProcessState, the running *exec.Cmd, the active reverse-proxy
+// handler, and the list of WaitReady subscribers). Every public method
+// (Run / Stop / State / WaitReady) is a thin client that sends a request on
+// one of the channels below and waits for a response — this funnels concurrent
+// callers through a single serialization point so the state machine never
+// observes a race.
+func (p *ProcessCommand) run() {
+	// Mutable state — only read/written from this goroutine. ServeHTTP reads
+	// p.handler concurrently, which is why handler is an atomic.Pointer.
+	// p.state mirrors `state` so State() can observe transitions; setState
+	// writes both.
+	state := StateStopped
+	setState := func(s ProcessState) {
+		old := state
+		state = s
+		p.state.Store(s)
+		if old != s {
+			event.Emit(shared.ProcessStateChangeEvent{
+				ProcessName: p.id,
+				OldState:    string(old),
+				NewState:    string(s),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	var (
+		cmd          *exec.Cmd
+		cmdDone      <-chan struct{}
+		cmdCancel    context.CancelFunc
+		readyWaiters []waitReadyReq
+		// runResp parks the in-flight Run caller's response channel. The
+		// interface contract is that Run blocks until the process is
+		// terminated, so we hold this until Stop, parentCtx, or an
+		// upstream exit unblocks it via respondRun.
+		runResp chan<- error
+	)
+
+	// notifyWaiters wakes every blocked WaitReady caller with the given result.
+	// Used on transitions out of StateStarting (ready, failed, aborted, or
+	// shutdown) — anything that resolves the "is it ready yet?" question.
+	notifyWaiters := func(err error) {
+		for _, w := range readyWaiters {
+			select {
+			case w.respond <- err:
+			default:
+			}
+		}
+		readyWaiters = nil
+	}
+
+	// respondRun delivers the final Run result, if a Run caller is parked.
+	respondRun := func(err error) {
+		if runResp != nil {
+			runResp <- err
+			runResp = nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		// Shutdown: parent context cancelled. Tear down any running process,
+		// wake any pending WaitReady callers with an error, then exit the
+		// goroutine permanently. Subsequent public-method calls will fail
+		// because parentCtx.Done() unblocks their send-side selects.
+		case <-p.parentCtx.Done():
+			// Mark shutdown before killProcess so concurrent State() readers
+			// stop treating this process as ready while the (possibly slow)
+			// teardown is in progress.
+			setState(StateShutdown)
+			if cmd != nil {
+				p.handler.Store(nil)
+				p.killProcess(cmd, cmdCancel, cmdDone, parentCancelGraceTimeout)
+				cmd = nil
+				cmdDone = nil
+				cmdCancel = nil
+			}
+			notifyWaiters(fmt.Errorf("[%s] shutdown", p.id))
+			respondRun(fmt.Errorf("[%s] shutdown", p.id))
+			return
+
+		// Upstream exited on its own (not via Stop). Drop handler state,
+		// transition to Stopped, and unblock the parked Run caller.
+		// cmdDone is nil while no process is running, so this case is
+		// dormant outside of StateReady.
+		case <-cmdDone:
+			if cmdCancel != nil {
+				cmdCancel()
+			}
+			cmd = nil
+			cmdDone = nil
+			cmdCancel = nil
+			p.handler.Store(nil)
+			setState(StateStopped)
+			respondRun(fmt.Errorf("[%s] upstream exited unexpectedly", p.id))
+
+		// WaitReady: if we're already in a terminal-for-this-question state,
+		// respond immediately; otherwise queue the caller and let a future
+		// state transition wake them via notifyWaiters.
+		case req := <-p.waitReadyCh:
+			switch state {
+			case StateReady:
+				req.respond <- nil
+			case StateShutdown:
+				req.respond <- fmt.Errorf("[%s] shutdown", p.id)
+			default:
+				readyWaiters = append(readyWaiters, req)
+			}
+
+		// Run: start the upstream process. Only valid from StateStopped.
+		// doStart can take a long time (health-check polling), so it runs in
+		// a separate goroutine and we wait on resultCh. While waiting we also
+		// listen for an incoming Stop — that's how callers cancel an in-flight
+		// start.
+		case req := <-p.runCh:
+			if state != StateStopped {
+				req.respond <- fmt.Errorf("[%s] could not be started in %s state", p.id, state)
+				continue
+			}
+			setState(StateStarting)
+
+			startCtx, cancelStart := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+			resultCh := make(chan startResult, 1)
+			go func() {
+				resultCh <- p.doStart(startCtx, req.timeout)
+			}()
+
+			// pendingStop holds a Stop request that arrived mid-start, so we
+			// can respond to it AFTER we've finished tearing the start down.
+			var pendingStop *stopReq
+			select {
+			// doStart finished on its own — either successfully (latch
+			// cmd/handler and move to Ready) or with an error (back to
+			// Stopped). Either way wake WaitReady subscribers and reply
+			// to the Run caller.
+			case res := <-resultCh:
+				if res.err == nil {
+					cmd = res.cmd
+					cmdDone = res.cmdDone
+					cmdCancel = res.cancel
+					fn := res.handlerFn
+					p.handler.Store(&fn)
+					setState(StateReady)
+					notifyWaiters(nil)
+					// Park the Run response — Run blocks until the process
+					// terminates, so we only fire this when Stop, parentCtx,
+					// or the upstream exit takes the process down.
+					runResp = req.respond
+
+					// Start TTL goroutine if configured — self-terminates
+					// when state leaves StateReady.
+					if p.config.UnloadAfter > 0 {
+						ttlDuration := time.Duration(p.config.UnloadAfter) * time.Second
+						go func() {
+							ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Second)
+							defer ticker.Stop()
+							for range ticker.C {
+								if p.State() != StateReady {
+									return
+								}
+								if p.inflight.Load() != 0 {
+									continue
+								}
+								if time.Since(time.Unix(0, p.lastUse.Load())) > ttlDuration {
+									p.proxyLogger.Infof("<%s> Unloading model, TTL of %ds reached", p.id, p.config.UnloadAfter)
+									p.Stop(10 * time.Second)
+									return
+								}
+							}
+						}()
+					}
+				} else {
+					setState(StateStopped)
+					notifyWaiters(res.err)
+					req.respond <- res.err
+				}
+
+			// Stop arrived while doStart was still running. Cancel the
+			// start context to abort it, then wait for doStart to return.
+			// If doStart had already crossed the finish line before
+			// cancellation took effect, it returns a live cmd that we
+			// must kill ourselves. The Run caller gets ErrAbort; the Stop
+			// caller is parked in pendingStop and answered below.
+			case stop := <-p.stopCh:
+				cancelStart()
+				res := <-resultCh
+				if res.cmd != nil {
+					p.killProcess(res.cmd, res.cancel, res.cmdDone, stop.timeout)
+				}
+				setState(StateStopped)
+				notifyWaiters(ErrStartAborted)
+				req.respond <- ErrStartAborted
+				pendingStop = &stop
+
+			// Parent context cancelled (e.g. config reload) while doStart
+			// was still running. Stop() returns early when parentCtx is
+			// done and never sends on stopCh, so we must handle shutdown
+			// here to avoid leaving doStart running indefinitely.
+			case <-p.parentCtx.Done():
+				cancelStart()
+				// Mark shutdown before tearing the process down: killProcess
+				// may block (e.g. taskkill on Windows is slow to spawn), and
+				// callers observing State() should see StateShutdown promptly
+				// rather than a stale StateStarting.
+				setState(StateShutdown)
+				res := <-resultCh
+				if res.cmd != nil {
+					p.killProcess(res.cmd, res.cancel, res.cmdDone, parentCancelGraceTimeout)
+				}
+				notifyWaiters(fmt.Errorf("[%s] shutdown", p.id))
+				respondRun(fmt.Errorf("[%s] shutdown", p.id))
+				return
+			}
+			// cancelStart is idempotent; calling it again here ensures the
+			// context is released even on the success path (govet leak check).
+			cancelStart()
+			if pendingStop != nil {
+				pendingStop.respond <- nil
+			}
+
+		// Stop: tear down a running process.
+		case stop := <-p.stopCh:
+			if cmd != nil {
+				setState(StateStopping)
+				p.killProcess(cmd, cmdCancel, cmdDone, stop.timeout)
+				cmd = nil
+				cmdDone = nil
+				cmdCancel = nil
+				p.handler.Store(nil)
+			}
+			// Stop is a no-op (and not an error) when already Stopped — this
+			// is what makes it idempotent for callers that don't track state.
+			setState(StateStopped)
+			respondRun(nil)
+			stop.respond <- nil
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *ProcessCommand) doStart(startCtx context.Context, healthCheckTimeout time.Duration) startResult {
+	if p.config.Proxy == "" {
+		return startResult{err: fmt.Errorf("upstream proxy missing")}
+	}
+
+	args, err := p.config.SanitizedCommand()
+	if err != nil {
+		return startResult{err: fmt.Errorf("unable to get sanitized command: %w", err)}
+	}
+
+	proxyURL, err := url.Parse(p.config.Proxy)
+	if err != nil {
+		return startResult{err: fmt.Errorf("invalid proxy URL %q: %w", p.config.Proxy, err)}
+	}
+
+	reverseProxy := httputil.NewSingleHostReverseProxy(proxyURL)
+	reverseProxy.Transport = &http.Transport{
+		Proxy: http.ProxyFromEnvironment,
+		DialContext: (&net.Dialer{
+			Timeout:   time.Duration(p.config.Timeouts.Connect) * time.Second,
+			KeepAlive: time.Duration(p.config.Timeouts.KeepAlive) * time.Second,
+		}).DialContext,
+		TLSHandshakeTimeout:   time.Duration(p.config.Timeouts.TLSHandshake) * time.Second,
+		ResponseHeaderTimeout: time.Duration(p.config.Timeouts.ResponseHeader) * time.Second,
+		ExpectContinueTimeout: time.Duration(p.config.Timeouts.ExpectContinue) * time.Second,
+		ForceAttemptHTTP2:     true,
+		MaxIdleConns:          100,
+		MaxIdleConnsPerHost:   10,
+		IdleConnTimeout:       time.Duration(p.config.Timeouts.IdleConn) * time.Second,
+	}
+	reverseProxy.ModifyResponse = func(resp *http.Response) error {
+		if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(resp.Header.Get("Content-Type")), "text/event-stream") {
+			resp.Header.Set("X-Accel-Buffering", "no")
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	// httputil.ReverseProxy panics with http.ErrAbortHandler when the upstream
+	// disconnects after response headers have been sent. Recover here so the
+	// streaming termination is treated as a normal client/upstream disconnect.
+	// see: https://github.com/golang/go/issues/23643
+	handlerFn := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		defer func() {
+			if rec := recover(); rec != nil {
+				if rec == http.ErrAbortHandler {
+					p.proxyLogger.Infof("<%s> recovered from upstream disconnection during streaming", p.id)
+				} else {
+					p.proxyLogger.Warnf("<%s> recovered from panic: %v", p.id, rec)
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+		reverseProxy.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+	})
+
+	// cmdCtx + cmd.Cancel are wired as a safety net: if the context is ever
+	// cancelled while the process is alive, cmd.Cancel sends SIGTERM / CmdStop
+	// and the runtime escalates to SIGKILL after cmd.WaitDelay. In the normal
+	// teardown path killProcess sends the stop signal directly instead, so
+	// cmd.WaitDelay only acts as the inherited-pipe backstop measured from
+	// process exit (see killProcess).
+	cmdCtx, cmdCancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(cmdCtx, args[0], args[1:]...)
+	cmd.Stderr = p.processLogger
+	cmd.Stdout = p.processLogger
+	cmd.Env = append(cmd.Environ(), p.config.Env...)
+	cmd.Cancel = func() error { return p.sendStopSignal(cmd) }
+	cmd.WaitDelay = p.waitDelay
+	setProcAttributes(cmd)
+
+	p.proxyLogger.Debugf("<%s> Executing start command: %s, env: %s", p.id, strings.Join(args, " "), strings.Join(p.config.Env, ", "))
+
+	cmdDone := make(chan struct{})
+	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+		cmdCancel()
+		return startResult{err: fmt.Errorf("failed to start command '%s': %w", strings.Join(args, " "), err)}
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		waitErr := cmd.Wait()
+		switch st := p.State(); {
+		case waitErr == nil:
+			p.proxyLogger.Debugf("<%s> process exited cleanly", p.id)
+		case st == StateStopping || st == StateShutdown:
+			// Expected: we force-terminated the process. A forced kill exits
+			// the child with a non-zero code (e.g. taskkill /f on Windows
+			// yields exit status 1), so this is not an error.
+			p.proxyLogger.Debugf("<%s> process stopped by llama-swap: %v", p.id, waitErr)
+		default:
+			if exitErr, ok := waitErr.(*exec.ExitError); ok {
+				p.proxyLogger.Debugf("<%s> process exited: code=%d, err=%v", p.id, exitErr.ExitCode(), waitErr)
+			} else {
+				p.proxyLogger.Debugf("<%s> process exited with error: %v", p.id, waitErr)
+			}
+		}
+		close(cmdDone)
+	}()
+
+	abort := func(err error) startResult {
+		p.killProcess(cmd, cmdCancel, cmdDone, 5*time.Second)
+		return startResult{err: err}
+	}
+	prematureExit := func() startResult {
+		cmdCancel()
+		return startResult{err: fmt.Errorf("upstream command exited prematurely")}
+	}
+
+	if startCtx.Err() != nil {
+		return abort(ErrStartAborted)
+	}
+
+	checkEndpoint := strings.TrimSpace(p.config.CheckEndpoint)
+	if checkEndpoint == "none" {
+		return startResult{cmd: cmd, cmdDone: cmdDone, cancel: cmdCancel, handlerFn: handlerFn}
+	}
+
+	// Wait 250ms for the command to start up before health checking
+	select {
+	case <-startCtx.Done():
+		return abort(ErrStartAborted)
+	case <-time.After(250 * time.Millisecond):
+	}
+
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(healthCheckTimeout)
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-startCtx.Done():
+			return abort(ErrStartAborted)
+		case <-cmdDone:
+			return prematureExit()
+		default:
+		}
+
+		if time.Now().After(deadline) {
+			return abort(fmt.Errorf("health check timed out after %v", healthCheckTimeout))
+		}
+
+		req, _ := http.NewRequestWithContext(startCtx, "GET", p.config.CheckEndpoint, nil)
+		rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		reverseProxy.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+		resp := rr.Result()
+		resp.Body.Close()
+		if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK {
+			p.proxyLogger.Infof("<%s> Health check passed on %s%s", p.id, p.config.Proxy, p.config.CheckEndpoint)
+			break
+		} else if startCtx.Err() != nil {
+			return abort(ErrStartAborted)
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case <-startCtx.Done():
+			return abort(ErrStartAborted)
+		case <-cmdDone:
+			return prematureExit()
+		case <-time.After(time.Second):
+		}
+	}
+
+	return startResult{cmd: cmd, cmdDone: cmdDone, cancel: cmdCancel, handlerFn: handlerFn}
+}
+
+// sendStopSignal runs the configured CmdStop (if any) or sends SIGTERM to
+// the upstream process. Wired up as cmd.Cancel so it fires whenever the
+// cmd's context is cancelled.
+func (p *ProcessCommand) sendStopSignal(cmd *exec.Cmd) error {
+	if cmd == nil || cmd.Process == nil {
+		p.processLogger.Debugf("<%s> sendStopSignal() called with nil cmd or process, nothing to stop", p.id)
+		return nil
+	}
+	pid := cmd.Process.Pid
+	if p.config.CmdStop != "" {
+		p.processLogger.Debugf("<%s> sendStopSignal() using CmdStop %q for pid %d", p.id, p.config.CmdStop, pid)
+		stopArgs, err := config.SanitizeCommand(
+			strings.ReplaceAll(p.config.CmdStop, "${PID}", fmt.Sprintf("%d", pid)),
+		)
+		if err == nil {
+			p.processLogger.Debugf("<%s> sendStopSignal() running stop command: %s", p.id, strings.Join(stopArgs, " "))
+			stopCmd := exec.Command(stopArgs[0], stopArgs[1:]...)
+			stopCmd.Env = cmd.Env
+			setProcAttributes(stopCmd)
+			runErr := stopCmd.Run()
+			if runErr != nil {
+				p.processLogger.Errorf("<%s> sendStopSignal() stop command failed: %v", p.id, runErr)
+			} else {
+				p.processLogger.Debugf("<%s> sendStopSignal() stop command completed for pid %d", p.id, pid)
+			}
+			return runErr
+		}
+		// fall through to SIGTERM if sanitize failed
+		p.processLogger.Errorf("<%s> sendStopSignal() failed to sanitize CmdStop %q: %v, falling back to terminateProcessTree", p.id, p.config.CmdStop, err)
+	}
+	// On Unix this SIGTERMs the whole process group so a forked grandchild
+	// (e.g. a shell wrapper that backgrounds the real binary) is taken down
+	// with the parent rather than orphaned.
+	p.processLogger.Debugf("<%s> sendStopSignal() no CmdStop configured, calling terminateProcessTree for pid %d", p.id, pid)
+	termErr := terminateProcessTree(cmd)
+	if termErr != nil {
+		p.processLogger.Errorf("<%s> sendStopSignal() terminateProcessTree failed for pid %d: %v", p.id, pid, termErr)
+	}
+	return termErr
+}
+
+// killProcess terminates the upstream process. The flow:
+//
+//  1. Send the graceful stop signal (CmdStop / SIGTERM) directly — NOT by
+//     cancelling cmdCtx. Cancelling the context would start cmd.WaitDelay
+//     immediately, which force-kills the process WaitDelay after the signal
+//     and would silently cap gracefulTimeout at WaitDelay whenever
+//     gracefulTimeout is the longer of the two.
+//  2. We wait up to gracefulTimeout for the process to exit on its own.
+//  3. If still alive, we SIGKILL the process group directly (Unix) so any
+//     forked descendant is force-terminated alongside the parent.
+//  4. We wait on cmdDone. cmd.WaitDelay (set when the cmd was built) is the
+//     critical backstop here: once the process exits, if a forked grandchild
+//     inherited the stdout/stderr pipes and is still holding them, the runtime
+//     force-closes the pipes WaitDelay after the exit and cmd.Wait() unblocks.
+//     Because we never cancelled the context, that WaitDelay timer measures
+//     from process exit (see os/exec awaitGoroutines), not from this call.
+//     Without WaitDelay this select would hang forever (the v219 bug).
+//
+// cancel() is still invoked (deferred) to release the context, but only after
+// the process has exited and os/exec's ctx watcher has already torn down, so it
+// never re-fires cmd.Cancel.
+func (p *ProcessCommand) killProcess(cmd *exec.Cmd, cancel context.CancelFunc, cmdDone <-chan struct{}, gracefulTimeout time.Duration) {
+	if cancel == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	defer cancel()
+
+	// Deliver CmdStop / SIGTERM in a goroutine so a slow or hanging CmdStop
+	// cannot block the run() goroutine; the gracefulTimeout + Process.Kill
+	// path below still guarantees teardown.
+	if cmd != nil {
+		go func() {
+			p.proxyLogger.Debugf("[%s] sending stop signal with timeout %v", p.id, gracefulTimeout)
+			if err := p.sendStopSignal(cmd); err != nil {
+				p.proxyLogger.Warnf("[%s] stop signal failed: %v", p.id, err)
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	timer := time.NewTimer(gracefulTimeout)
+	defer timer.Stop()
+
+	select {
+	case <-cmdDone:
+		return
+	case <-timer.C:
+	}
+
+	if cmd != nil {
+		// SIGKILL the whole process group on Unix so any descendant that
+		// ignored or outlived the graceful signal is force-terminated too.
+		_ = killProcessTree(cmd)
+	}
+	<-cmdDone
+}
+
+func (p *ProcessCommand) ID() string {
+	return p.id
+}
+
+func (p *ProcessCommand) Run(timeout time.Duration) error {
+	req := runReq{
+		timeout: timeout,
+		respond: make(chan error, 1),
+	}
+	select {
+	case p.runCh <- req:
+	case <-p.parentCtx.Done():
+		return fmt.Errorf("[%s] shutdown", p.id)
+	}
+	select {
+	case err := <-req.respond:
+		return err
+	case <-p.parentCtx.Done():
+		return fmt.Errorf("[%s] shutdown", p.id)
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *ProcessCommand) WaitReady(ctx context.Context) error {
+	req := waitReadyReq{respond: make(chan error, 1)}
+	select {
+	case p.waitReadyCh <- req:
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	case <-p.parentCtx.Done():
+		return fmt.Errorf("[%s] shutdown", p.id)
+	}
+	select {
+	case err := <-req.respond:
+		return err
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *ProcessCommand) Stop(timeout time.Duration) error {
+	req := stopReq{
+		timeout: timeout,
+		respond: make(chan error, 1),
+	}
+	select {
+	case p.stopCh <- req:
+	case <-p.parentCtx.Done():
+		return fmt.Errorf("[%s] shutdown", p.id)
+	}
+	return <-req.respond
+}
+
+func (p *ProcessCommand) State() ProcessState {
+	if s, ok := p.state.Load().(ProcessState); ok {
+		return s
+	}
+	return StateStopped
+}
+
+func (p *ProcessCommand) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	fn := p.handler.Load()
+	if fn == nil {
+		http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("llama-swap-error: [%s] process is not ready", p.id), http.StatusServiceUnavailable)
+		return
+	}
+	p.inflight.Add(1)
+	defer func() {
+		p.lastUse.Store(time.Now().UnixNano())
+		p.inflight.Add(-1)
+	}()
+	(*fn)(w, r)
+}

internal/process/process_command_forking_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+//go:build !windows
+
+package process
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/config"
+)
+
+// TestProcessCommand_StopForkingWrapper is a regression for the bug reported
+// against v219 where Stop would hang indefinitely when the upstream command
+// is a shell wrapper that forks the real binary (e.g. `#!/bin/bash` then
+// `"$@"`). After SIGTERM the wrapper dies but the grandchild inherits the
+// stdout/stderr pipes; cmd.Wait() blocks waiting for the pipe-copy goroutine
+// to drain EOF, which never happens while the grandchild holds the fds.
+//
+// The fix is cmd.WaitDelay (combined with exec.CommandContext + cmd.Cancel),
+// which causes the runtime to force-close the pipes after the delay so
+// cmd.Wait() — and therefore Stop — returns.
+func TestProcessCommand_StopForkingWrapper(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t)
+
+	port := getFreePort(t)
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	pidFile := filepath.Join(dir, "child.pid")
+
+	// Wrapper script: backgrounds the child (which inherits stdout/stderr),
+	// records its PID for cleanup, then waits. When SIGTERM hits bash it
+	// dies without forwarding the signal; the grandchild keeps running and
+	// keeps the inherited pipe fds open. This is the scenario reported in
+	// the v219 regression.
+	wrapper := filepath.Join(dir, "wrapper.sh")
+	script := fmt.Sprintf("#!/bin/bash\n%q -port %d -silent &\necho $! > %q\nwait\n",
+		simpleResponderPath, port, pidFile)
+	if err := os.WriteFile(wrapper, []byte(script), 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteFile: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { killChildFromPidFile(pidFile) })
+
+	p := newProcessCommand(t, config.ModelConfig{
+		Cmd:                wrapper,
+		Proxy:              fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d", port),
+		CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+		HealthCheckTimeout: 10,
+	})
+	// Shrink the pipe-close backstop so the test doesn't sit at the
+	// production default (10s). Must be set before Run() so doStart picks
+	// it up when building the cmd.
+	const testWaitDelay = 250 * time.Millisecond
+	p.waitDelay = testWaitDelay
+
+	runErr := runAsync(t, p)
+
+	// Stop must return within a bounded time even though the grandchild
+	// is still holding the pipe open. Budget is generous on top of
+	// testWaitDelay to absorb scheduling jitter on slow CI runners; the
+	// pre-fix behaviour was an unbounded hang, so any reasonable cap
+	// distinguishes pass from fail.
+	stopReturned := make(chan error, 1)
+	stopStart := time.Now()
+	go func() { stopReturned <- p.Stop(testStopTimeout) }()
+
+	const stopBudget = testWaitDelay + 2*time.Second
+	select {
+	case err := <-stopReturned:
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Stop: %v", err)
+		}
+		t.Logf("Stop returned in %v", time.Since(stopStart))
+	case <-time.After(stopBudget):
+		t.Fatalf("Stop did not return within %v — cmd.Wait() likely hung on inherited pipe", stopBudget)
+	}
+
+	if got := p.State(); got != StateStopped {
+		t.Errorf("after Stop: expected state %s, got %s", StateStopped, got)
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case <-runErr:
+	case <-time.After(testReturnTimeout):
+		t.Errorf("Run did not return after Stop")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestProcessCommand_StopHonorsGracefulTimeout is a regression for the bug
+// where cmd.WaitDelay capped the graceful shutdown window. killProcess used to
+// cancel the cmd context to deliver SIGTERM, which starts cmd.WaitDelay
+// immediately; a process whose SIGTERM handler needs longer than WaitDelay to
+// finish was force-killed early even though Stop was given a much longer
+// timeout. The fix sends the signal directly so WaitDelay measures from process
+// exit (its inherited-pipe backstop role), leaving the graceful window to the
+// caller's Stop timeout.
+func TestProcessCommand_StopHonorsGracefulTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	marker := filepath.Join(dir, "graceful.done")
+	ready := filepath.Join(dir, "trap.ready")
+
+	// On SIGTERM, sleep past the (short) WaitDelay, then write the marker and
+	// exit cleanly. If WaitDelay still drove the kill, bash would be SIGKILLed
+	// mid-handler and the marker would never be written. The ready file is
+	// written only after the trap is installed so the test does not race
+	// SIGTERM ahead of it (CheckEndpoint:none marks ready before bash runs).
+	script := filepath.Join(dir, "graceful.sh")
+	body := fmt.Sprintf(
+		"#!/bin/bash\ncleanup() { sleep 0.6; echo done > %q; exit 0; }\ntrap cleanup SIGTERM\necho ready > %q\nwhile true; do sleep 0.1; done\n",
+		marker, ready,
+	)
+	if err := os.WriteFile(script, []byte(body), 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteFile: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	p := newProcessCommand(t, config.ModelConfig{
+		Cmd:           script,
+		Proxy:         "http://127.0.0.1:1", // unused: health check disabled
+		CheckEndpoint: "none",
+	})
+	// WaitDelay shorter than the handler's 0.6s sleep, and far shorter than the
+	// Stop timeout below — this is the window the old code mis-killed in.
+	p.waitDelay = 200 * time.Millisecond
+
+	runErr := runAsync(t, p)
+
+	// Wait until the trap is installed before stopping.
+	trapDeadline := time.Now().Add(2 * time.Second)
+	for {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(ready); err == nil {
+			break
+		}
+		if time.Now().After(trapDeadline) {
+			t.Fatalf("script did not install SIGTERM trap in time")
+		}
+		time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+
+	stopStart := time.Now()
+	if err := p.Stop(5 * time.Second); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stop: %v", err)
+	}
+	elapsed := time.Since(stopStart)
+
+	// The handler must have run to completion (marker written) rather than
+	// being force-killed at waitDelay.
+	if _, err := os.Stat(marker); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("graceful handler did not complete (marker missing): %v", err)
+	}
+	// And Stop must have waited for the handler (>~0.6s), not returned at the
+	// 200ms waitDelay.
+	if elapsed < 500*time.Millisecond {
+		t.Fatalf("Stop returned in %v — process was killed before its graceful handler finished", elapsed)
+	}
+
+	if got := p.State(); got != StateStopped {
+		t.Errorf("after Stop: expected state %s, got %s", StateStopped, got)
+	}
+	select {
+	case <-runErr:
+	case <-time.After(testReturnTimeout):
+		t.Errorf("Run did not return after Stop")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestProcessCommand_StopReapsForkedGrandchild verifies that stopping a forking
+// wrapper takes down the backgrounded grandchild too, rather than leaving it as
+// an orphan. The fix is Setpgid (runtime_unix.go): the wrapper leads its own
+// process group, so the stop signal is delivered to the whole group via the
+// negative PID and reaches the grandchild the wrapper never reaped.
+func TestProcessCommand_StopReapsForkedGrandchild(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t)
+
+	port := getFreePort(t)
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	pidFile := filepath.Join(dir, "child.pid")
+
+	wrapper := filepath.Join(dir, "wrapper.sh")
+	script := fmt.Sprintf("#!/bin/bash\n%q -port %d -silent &\necho $! > %q\nwait\n",
+		simpleResponderPath, port, pidFile)
+	if err := os.WriteFile(wrapper, []byte(script), 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteFile: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { killChildFromPidFile(pidFile) })
+
+	p := newProcessCommand(t, config.ModelConfig{
+		Cmd:                wrapper,
+		Proxy:              fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d", port),
+		CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+		HealthCheckTimeout: 10,
+	})
+
+	runErr := runAsync(t, p)
+
+	// Read the grandchild PID the wrapper recorded.
+	var childPID int
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(2 * time.Second)
+	for {
+		data, err := os.ReadFile(pidFile)
+		if err == nil {
+			if pid, perr := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(string(data))); perr == nil && pid > 0 {
+				childPID = pid
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if time.Now().After(deadline) {
+			t.Fatalf("wrapper did not record grandchild PID")
+		}
+		time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+
+	if err := p.Stop(testStopTimeout); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stop: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// After Stop the grandchild must be gone. Signal 0 probes liveness without
+	// actually sending a signal; give it a brief window to exit after the
+	// group SIGTERM.
+	proc, err := os.FindProcess(childPID)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("FindProcess: %v", err)
+	}
+	gone := false
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		if err := proc.Signal(syscall.Signal(0)); err != nil {
+			gone = true
+			break
+		}
+		time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+	if !gone {
+		t.Errorf("grandchild PID %d still alive after Stop — process group was not reaped", childPID)
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case <-runErr:
+	case <-time.After(testReturnTimeout):
+		t.Errorf("Run did not return after Stop")
+	}
+}
+
+// killChildFromPidFile reads a PID written by the wrapper script and SIGKILLs
+// it so leaked orphans don't accumulate between test runs. Best-effort.
+func killChildFromPidFile(pidFile string) {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(pidFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	pid, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(string(data)))
+	if err != nil || pid <= 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	proc, err := os.FindProcess(pid)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	_ = proc.Kill()
+}

internal/process/process_command_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,646 @@
+package process
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/config"
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/logmon"
+)
+
+const (
+	testStartTimeout    = 3 * time.Second
+	testStopTimeout     = 2 * time.Second
+	testReturnTimeout   = 1 * time.Second
+	testPollInterval    = 20 * time.Millisecond
+	testLogPollInterval = 10 * time.Millisecond
+)
+
+func newProcessCommand(t *testing.T, conf config.ModelConfig) *ProcessCommand {
+	t.Helper()
+	logger := logmon.NewWriter(io.Discard)
+	p, err := New(context.Background(), t.Name(), conf, logger, logger)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("New: %v", err)
+	}
+	return p
+}
+
+// runAsync starts Run in a goroutine and waits until the process is ready,
+// matching the new interface contract where Run blocks until the process is
+// terminated. Returns a channel that delivers Run's eventual error.
+func runAsync(t *testing.T, p *ProcessCommand) <-chan error {
+	t.Helper()
+	ch := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() { ch <- p.Run(testStartTimeout) }()
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), testStartTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	if err := p.WaitReady(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WaitReady: %v", err)
+	}
+	return ch
+}
+
+func TestProcessCommand_StartStop(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t)
+
+	cmd, port := simpleResponderCmd(t, "-silent", "-respond hello")
+	p := newProcessCommand(t, config.ModelConfig{
+		Cmd:                cmd,
+		Proxy:              fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d", port),
+		CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+		HealthCheckTimeout: 10,
+	})
+	t.Cleanup(func() { p.Stop(testStopTimeout) })
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/test", nil)
+
+	// before start: no handler
+	rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	p.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+	if rr.Code != http.StatusServiceUnavailable {
+		t.Errorf("before start: expected 503, got %d", rr.Code)
+	}
+	if body := rr.Body.String(); !strings.Contains(body, "llama-swap-error") {
+		t.Errorf("before start: expected body to contain %q, got %q", "llama-swap-error", body)
+	}
+
+	runErr := runAsync(t, p)
+	if got := p.State(); got != StateReady {
+		t.Errorf("after Run: expected state %s, got %s", StateReady, got)
+	}
+
+	rr = httptest.NewRecorder()
+	p.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+	if rr.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Errorf("after Run: expected 200, got %d", rr.Code)
+	}
+	if body := rr.Body.String(); body != "hello" {
+		t.Errorf("expected body %q, got %q", "hello", body)
+	}
+
+	if err := p.Stop(testStopTimeout); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stop() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got := p.State(); got != StateStopped {
+		t.Errorf("after Stop: expected state %s, got %s", StateStopped, got)
+	}
+	select {
+	case err := <-runErr:
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Run() after Stop: expected nil, got %v", err)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(testReturnTimeout):
+		t.Fatal("Run() did not return after Stop")
+	}
+
+	// after stop: handler cleared
+	rr = httptest.NewRecorder()
+	p.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+	if rr.Code != http.StatusServiceUnavailable {
+		t.Errorf("after stop: expected 503, got %d", rr.Code)
+	}
+	if body := rr.Body.String(); !strings.Contains(body, "llama-swap-error") {
+		t.Errorf("after stop: expected body to contain %q, got %q", "llama-swap-error", body)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProcessCommand_Run_Idempotent(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t)
+
+	cmd, port := simpleResponderCmd(t, "-silent")
+	p := newProcessCommand(t, config.ModelConfig{
+		Cmd:                cmd,
+		Proxy:              fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d", port),
+		CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+		HealthCheckTimeout: 10,
+	})
+	t.Cleanup(func() { p.Stop(testStopTimeout) })
+
+	runErr := runAsync(t, p)
+
+	if err := p.Run(testStartTimeout); err == nil {
+		t.Error("second Run() while running: expected error, got nil")
+	}
+
+	if err := p.Stop(testStopTimeout); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stop() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	select {
+	case <-runErr:
+	case <-time.After(testReturnTimeout):
+		t.Fatal("Run() did not return after Stop")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProcessCommand_Stop_Idempotent(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t)
+
+	cmd, port := simpleResponderCmd(t, "-silent")
+	p := newProcessCommand(t, config.ModelConfig{
+		Cmd:                cmd,
+		Proxy:              fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d", port),
+		CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+		HealthCheckTimeout: 10,
+	})
+
+	if err := p.Stop(testStopTimeout); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stop() before Run(): %v", err)
+	}
+
+	runErr := runAsync(t, p)
+
+	if err := p.Stop(testStopTimeout); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("first Stop() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	select {
+	case <-runErr:
+	case <-time.After(testReturnTimeout):
+		t.Fatal("Run() did not return after Stop")
+	}
+
+	if err := p.Stop(testStopTimeout); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("second Stop() error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestProcessCommand_StopCancelsRun verifies that a Stop sent while Run is
+// executing its health-check loop returns ErrAbort to the Run caller.
+//
+// A blocking mock HTTP server is used as the proxy so the test can deterministically
+// know when doStart is inside the health-check loop before issuing Stop.
+func TestProcessCommand_StopCancelsRun(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t)
+
+	healthCheckStarted := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+	mock := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		// Signal that a health check is in-flight, then block until the client
+		// cancels (which happens when Stop cancels the start context).
+		select {
+		case healthCheckStarted <- struct{}{}:
+		default:
+		}
+		<-r.Context().Done()
+		http.Error(w, "mock cancelled", http.StatusServiceUnavailable)
+	}))
+	defer mock.Close()
+
+	// simple-responder is the real process; health checks go to the blocking mock.
+	cmd, _ := simpleResponderCmd(t, "-silent")
+	p := newProcessCommand(t, config.ModelConfig{
+		Cmd:                cmd,
+		Proxy:              mock.URL,
+		CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+		HealthCheckTimeout: 30,
+	})
+
+	runErrCh := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() {
+		runErrCh <- p.Run(testStartTimeout)
+	}()
+
+	// Block until doStart is actually performing a health check, guaranteeing
+	// that Run is in-flight when Stop is called.
+	<-healthCheckStarted
+
+	if err := p.Stop(testStopTimeout); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stop() error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := <-runErrCh; !errors.Is(err, ErrStartAborted) {
+		t.Errorf("expected ErrStartAborted from Run, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestProcessCommand_ParentCtxCancelDuringStart verifies that cancelling the
+// parent context while doStart is health-checking causes the process to
+// transition to StateShutdown promptly, not wait for the health-check timeout.
+//
+// This is the config-reload race: Stop() returns early when parentCtx is
+// already done and never writes to stopCh, so without a parentCtx.Done()
+// case in the inner select, the process would keep loading indefinitely.
+func TestProcessCommand_ParentCtxCancelDuringStart(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t)
+
+	healthCheckStarted := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+	mock := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		select {
+		case healthCheckStarted <- struct{}{}:
+		default:
+		}
+		<-r.Context().Done()
+		http.Error(w, "mock cancelled", http.StatusServiceUnavailable)
+	}))
+	defer mock.Close()
+
+	parentCtx, cancelParent := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	logger := logmon.NewWriter(io.Discard)
+	cmd, _ := simpleResponderCmd(t, "-silent")
+	p, err := New(parentCtx, t.Name(), config.ModelConfig{
+		Cmd:                cmd,
+		Proxy:              mock.URL,
+		CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+		HealthCheckTimeout: 60,
+	}, logger, logger)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("New: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	runErrCh := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() { runErrCh <- p.Run(60 * time.Second) }()
+
+	<-healthCheckStarted
+
+	// Cancel parent context to simulate a config reload tearing down the old server.
+	cancelParent()
+
+	select {
+	case err := <-runErrCh:
+		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "shutdown") {
+			t.Errorf("Run error = %v, want shutdown error", err)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("process did not shut down within 5s after parent context cancel during start")
+	}
+
+	// Run() may return before the run() goroutine writes StateShutdown;
+	// poll briefly to avoid a spurious race in the assertion.
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(2 * time.Second)
+	for time.Now().Before(deadline) {
+		if p.State() == StateShutdown {
+			break
+		}
+		time.Sleep(testPollInterval)
+	}
+	if got := p.State(); got != StateShutdown {
+		t.Errorf("after cancel: expected StateShutdown, got %s", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestProcessCommand_RunStopCycle runs several sequential start/stop pairs on
+// fresh processes to confirm they are reusable.
+func TestProcessCommand_RunStopCycle(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t)
+
+	for i := range 3 {
+		cmd, port := simpleResponderCmd(t, "-silent")
+		p := newProcessCommand(t, config.ModelConfig{
+			Cmd:                cmd,
+			Proxy:              fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d", port),
+			CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+			HealthCheckTimeout: 10,
+		})
+
+		runErr := runAsync(t, p)
+
+		req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/health", nil)
+		rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		p.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+		if rr.Code != http.StatusOK {
+			t.Errorf("cycle %d: expected 200 from /health, got %d", i, rr.Code)
+		}
+
+		if err := p.Stop(testStopTimeout); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("cycle %d Stop() error: %v", i, err)
+		}
+		select {
+		case <-runErr:
+		case <-time.After(testReturnTimeout):
+			t.Fatalf("cycle %d: Run() did not return after Stop", i)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestProcessCommand_ReverseProxyPanicIsRecovered drives the full proxy path:
+// the upstream responds healthy on /health (so Run completes), then on the
+// actual proxied request it hijacks the connection and closes it mid-body.
+// That upstream EOF makes httputil.ReverseProxy.copyResponse return an error,
+// which panics with http.ErrAbortHandler — the wrapped handlerFn must recover
+// and log the disconnect.
+//
+// Requests are issued through an httptest.NewServer wrapping the process so
+// the panic actually fires (httputil only panics on copy errors when the
+// request carries http.ServerContextKey, which a real server sets).
+//
+// see: https://github.com/golang/go/issues/23643
+func TestProcessCommand_ReverseProxyPanicIsRecovered(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t)
+
+	upstream := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if r.URL.Path == "/health" {
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+			return
+		}
+		// Send a Content-Length that promises 100 bytes, deliver only a few,
+		// then slam the connection shut. The reverse proxy will see EOF
+		// before the body is fully copied and panic with ErrAbortHandler.
+		hj, ok := w.(http.Hijacker)
+		if !ok {
+			t.Errorf("upstream: hijack not supported")
+			return
+		}
+		conn, _, err := hj.Hijack()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("upstream: hijack: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
+		_, _ = conn.Write([]byte("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 100\r\nContent-Type: text/plain\r\n\r\npartial"))
+		_ = conn.Close()
+	}))
+	t.Cleanup(upstream.Close)
+
+	// Capture proxy log output so we can assert the recover message was
+	// emitted by handlerFn.
+	logBuf := &syncBuffer{}
+	proxyLogger := logmon.NewWriter(logBuf)
+	procLogger := logmon.NewWriter(io.Discard)
+
+	cmd, _ := simpleResponderCmd(t, "-silent")
+	p, err := New(context.Background(), t.Name(), config.ModelConfig{
+		Cmd:                cmd,
+		Proxy:              upstream.URL,
+		CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+		HealthCheckTimeout: 10,
+	}, procLogger, proxyLogger)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("New: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { p.Stop(testStopTimeout) })
+
+	_ = runAsync(t, p)
+
+	// Wrap p in an httptest server so requests get http.ServerContextKey
+	// automatically — that is what makes httputil.ReverseProxy raise the panic.
+	front := httptest.NewServer(p)
+	t.Cleanup(front.Close)
+
+	resp, err := http.Get(front.URL + "/disconnect")
+	if err == nil {
+		resp.Body.Close()
+	}
+
+	const want = "recovered from upstream disconnection"
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(testReturnTimeout)
+	for time.Now().Before(deadline) {
+		if strings.Contains(logBuf.String(), want) {
+			return
+		}
+		time.Sleep(testLogPollInterval)
+	}
+	t.Errorf("expected proxy log to contain %q; got:\n%s", want, logBuf.String())
+}
+
+// syncBuffer is a concurrent-safe bytes.Buffer for capturing logmon output.
+type syncBuffer struct {
+	mu  sync.Mutex
+	buf bytes.Buffer
+}
+
+func (b *syncBuffer) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	b.mu.Lock()
+	defer b.mu.Unlock()
+	return b.buf.Write(p)
+}
+
+func (b *syncBuffer) String() string {
+	b.mu.Lock()
+	defer b.mu.Unlock()
+	return b.buf.String()
+}
+
+// TestProcessCommand_TTL_StopsAfterIdle verifies that a process with a TTL
+// automatically stops itself after the idle timeout has elapsed following its
+// last request.
+func TestProcessCommand_TTL_StopsAfterIdle(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t)
+
+	mock := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+	}))
+	t.Cleanup(mock.Close)
+
+	cmd, _ := simpleResponderCmd(t, "-silent")
+
+	cfg := config.ModelConfig{
+		Cmd:                cmd,
+		Proxy:              mock.URL,
+		CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+		HealthCheckTimeout: 10,
+		UnloadAfter:        1, // 1-second TTL
+	}
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		cfg.CmdStop = "taskkill /f /t /pid ${PID}"
+	}
+
+	p := newProcessCommand(t, cfg)
+
+	runErr := runAsync(t, p)
+	defer func() {
+		if p.State() == StateReady {
+			p.Stop(testStopTimeout)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if got := p.State(); got != StateReady {
+		t.Fatalf("expected StateReady, got %s", got)
+	}
+
+	// Make one request to prime the last-use timestamp.
+	req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+	rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	p.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+	if rr.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Errorf("expected 200 after request, got %d", rr.Code)
+	}
+
+	// Wait for the TTL goroutine to fire and the process to fully stop.
+	// Poll for StateStopped directly to avoid racing the StateStopping
+	// intermediate state that sits between StateReady and StateStopped.
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(5 * time.Second)
+	for p.State() != StateStopped && time.Now().Before(deadline) {
+		time.Sleep(testPollInterval)
+	}
+
+	if got := p.State(); got != StateStopped {
+		t.Fatalf("TTL did not stop process; state is %s (expected %s)", got, StateStopped)
+	}
+
+	// Run() should have returned nil (clean stop from TTL).
+	select {
+	case err := <-runErr:
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Run() after TTL stop: expected nil, got %v", err)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(testReturnTimeout):
+		t.Fatal("Run() did not return after TTL-induced stop")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestProcessCommand_TTL_ResetsOnRequest verifies that inflight requests
+// prevent the TTL goroutine from stopping the process, and that the TTL timer
+// resets after each request completes.
+func TestProcessCommand_TTL_ResetsOnRequest(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t)
+
+	mock := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+	}))
+	t.Cleanup(mock.Close)
+
+	cmd, _ := simpleResponderCmd(t, "-silent")
+	p := newProcessCommand(t, config.ModelConfig{
+		Cmd:                cmd,
+		Proxy:              mock.URL,
+		CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+		HealthCheckTimeout: 10,
+		UnloadAfter:        1, // 1-second TTL
+	})
+
+	runErr := runAsync(t, p)
+	defer func() {
+		if p.State() == StateReady {
+			p.Stop(testStopTimeout)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Keep sending requests for 1.5s — past the 1s TTL — and verify
+	// the process never stops while traffic is flowing.
+	stopAt := time.Now().Add(1500 * time.Millisecond)
+	for time.Now().Before(stopAt) {
+		req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+		rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
+		p.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+		if rr.Code != http.StatusOK {
+			t.Errorf("expected 200, got %d", rr.Code)
+		}
+		if p.State() != StateReady {
+			t.Fatalf("process was stopped during active traffic (state=%s)", p.State())
+		}
+		time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+
+	if got := p.State(); got != StateReady {
+		t.Fatalf("expected StateReady while traffic was active, got %s", got)
+	}
+
+	// Now stop manually to clean up.
+	if err := p.Stop(testStopTimeout); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stop() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	select {
+	case <-runErr:
+	case <-time.After(testReturnTimeout):
+		t.Fatal("Run() did not return after Stop")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestProcessCommand_TTL_ZeroDisables verifies that UnloadAfter=0 does not
+// spawn a TTL goroutine — the process stays ready until explicitly stopped.
+func TestProcessCommand_TTL_ZeroDisables(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t)
+
+	mock := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+	}))
+	t.Cleanup(mock.Close)
+
+	cmd, _ := simpleResponderCmd(t, "-silent")
+	p := newProcessCommand(t, config.ModelConfig{
+		Cmd:                cmd,
+		Proxy:              mock.URL,
+		CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+		HealthCheckTimeout: 10,
+		UnloadAfter:        0, // disabled
+	})
+
+	runErr := runAsync(t, p)
+	defer func() {
+		if p.State() == StateReady {
+			p.Stop(testStopTimeout)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if got := p.State(); got != StateReady {
+		t.Fatalf("expected StateReady, got %s", got)
+	}
+
+	req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+	rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	p.ServeHTTP(rr, req)
+	if rr.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Errorf("expected 200 after request, got %d", rr.Code)
+	}
+
+	// No TTL goroutine is spawned when UnloadAfter=0, so a brief sleep is
+	// enough to confirm the process remains ready.
+	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	if got := p.State(); got != StateReady {
+		t.Fatalf("process was stopped unexpectedly (state=%s) with TTL=0", got)
+	}
+
+	// Cleanly stop.
+	if err := p.Stop(testStopTimeout); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stop() error: %v", err)
+	}
+	select {
+	case <-runErr:
+	case <-time.After(testReturnTimeout):
+		t.Fatal("Run() did not return after Stop")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestProcessCommand_ConcurrentRunStop launches many concurrent run/stop racing
+// pairs to exercise the race detector and verify no deadlocks occur.
+func TestProcessCommand_ConcurrentRunStop(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t)
+
+	for range 10 {
+		cmd, port := simpleResponderCmd(t, "-silent")
+		cfg := config.ModelConfig{
+			Cmd:                cmd,
+			Proxy:              fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d", port),
+			CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+			HealthCheckTimeout: 10,
+		}
+
+		if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+			cfg.CmdStop = "taskkill /f /t /pid ${PID}"
+		}
+
+		p := newProcessCommand(t, cfg)
+
+		runDone := make(chan struct{})
+		go func() {
+			defer close(runDone)
+			p.Run(testStartTimeout) //nolint: errcheck — one goroutine wins the race
+		}()
+		go func() {
+			p.Stop(testStopTimeout) //nolint: errcheck
+		}()
+
+		// Backstop: the racing Stop may have arrived before Run got on the
+		// channel (making it a no-op), so keep stopping until Run unblocks.
+		deadline := time.After(testStartTimeout)
+		for done := false; !done; {
+			select {
+			case <-runDone:
+				done = true
+			case <-deadline:
+				t.Fatal("Run did not return")
+			case <-time.After(testPollInterval):
+				p.Stop(testStopTimeout) //nolint: errcheck
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/process/process_events_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package process
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/config"
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/event"
+	"github.com/mostlygeek/llama-swap/internal/shared"
+)
+
+func TestProcessCommand_EmitsStateChangeEvents(t *testing.T) {
+	skipIfNoSimpleResponder(t)
+
+	var mu sync.Mutex
+	var transitions []shared.ProcessStateChangeEvent
+	cancel := event.On(func(e shared.ProcessStateChangeEvent) {
+		if e.ProcessName != t.Name() {
+			return
+		}
+		mu.Lock()
+		transitions = append(transitions, e)
+		mu.Unlock()
+	})
+	defer cancel()
+
+	cmd, port := simpleResponderCmd(t, "-silent", "-respond hello")
+	p := newProcessCommand(t, config.ModelConfig{
+		Cmd:                cmd,
+		Proxy:              fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d", port),
+		CheckEndpoint:      "/health",
+		HealthCheckTimeout: 10,
+	})
+
+	runErr := runAsync(t, p)
+	if err := p.Stop(testStopTimeout); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stop: %v", err)
+	}
+	<-runErr
+
+	// Events are delivered asynchronously; give the dispatcher a moment.
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(time.Second)
+	for time.Now().Before(deadline) {
+		mu.Lock()
+		n := len(transitions)
+		mu.Unlock()
+		if n >= 4 {
+			break
+		}
+		time.Sleep(testPollInterval)
+	}
+
+	mu.Lock()
+	defer mu.Unlock()
+
+	for _, e := range transitions {
+		if e.OldState == e.NewState {
+			t.Errorf("emitted no-op transition: %s -> %s", e.OldState, e.NewState)
+		}
+	}
+
+	want := []string{
+		string(StateStopped) + "->" + string(StateStarting),
+		string(StateStarting) + "->" + string(StateReady),
+		string(StateReady) + "->" + string(StateStopping),
+		string(StateStopping) + "->" + string(StateStopped),
+	}
+	got := make([]string, len(transitions))
+	for i, e := range transitions {
+		got[i] = e.OldState + "->" + e.NewState
+	}
+	if len(got) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("transitions = %v, want %v", got, want)
+	}
+	for i := range want {
+		if got[i] != want[i] {
+			t.Fatalf("transitions = %v, want %v", got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}